S.   DEPARTMENT.  Gl:    AGRICULTURE. 

' 

BUkl  \NIMAl.  INDUSTRY— KUI.U-.TIN  No.  oO 

D.  E.  SALMON,  0'.  V.  M.,  Chief  of  B,, 


HANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS 


(Oxyspirura  Mansoni), 

WITH  A  GENERAL  REVIEW  OF  NEMATODES  PARASITIC 
IN  THE  EYES  OF  BIRDS, 


NOTES  ON  THE  SPINY-SUCKERED  TAPEWORMS  OF  CHICKENS 

i  Dai'ainca  echinobothrida  (  =  Txnia  botrioplites}  and/?,  tetragona). 


BY 


B.  H.  RANSOM,  B.  Sc.,  A.  M., 

Scientific  Assistant  in  Charge  of  the  Zoological  Laboratory, 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1904. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Chief:  D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  Y.  M. 
Assistant  cliiff:  A.  D.  MELYIN,  D.  V.  S. 
Chief  clerk:  E.  B.  JONES,  LL.  M.,  M.  D. 

,  chief;  CLARENCE  B.  LANE,  B.  S.,  assistant  chief. 


])iri»w,i:  A.  M.  FARRINGTON,  B.  S.,  D.  V.  M.,  chief. 
(jiiaraittini  '  Itlrisiuii:  RICHARD  AV.  HTCKMAN,  Ph.  G.,  V.  M.  D.,  chief. 
Editor:  GEORGE  FAYETTE  THOMPSON,  M.  S. 
Artist:  W.  S.'D.  HAINES. 

E.cpcrt  in  Animal  Husltandnj:  GEORGE^!   ROMMEL,  B.  S.  A. 
Librarian:  BEATRICE  C.  OBERLY. 

LABORATORIES. 

Blochemic  Dimion:  MARION  DORSET,  M.  D.,  chief. 

Pathological  Difision:  JOHN  R.  MOHLEK,  A.  M.,  V.  M.  I).,  chief;   HENRY  J.  WASH- 
BURN,  D.  V.  S.,  acting  assistant  chief. 
Zoological  Division:  BBAYTON  H.  RANSOM,  B.  Sc.,  A.  M.,  acting  zoologist. 

EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

Superintendent:  E.  C.  SCHROEDER,  M.  D.  V.  ;  expert  assistant,  W.  E.  COTTON. 

INSPECTORS   IN   CHARGE. 


Dr.  F.  W.  Ainsworth,  Union  Stock  Yards,  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa. 

Dr.  M.  ().  Anderson,  care  Geo.  A.  Hormel  &  Co., 

Austin,  Minn. 

Dr.    Don  C.  Aver,   Post-Office  Building,    South 
Omaha,  Nebr. 

Dr.  ( ;.  S.  Baker,  6th  and  Townsend  sts..  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cul. 

Dr.  L.  K,  Baker,  South  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Dr.   Boyd  Baldwin,  care  Cudahy  Bros.,  Cudahy, 
Wis. ' 

Dr.  A.   E.  Behnke,  room  432,  Federal  Building, 
Milwaukee,  \Vis. 

Dr.  John  A.  Bell,  Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  S.  K.  Be.imctt,  room  :!;>s.  Live  Stock  Kxchange 
Building.  Kansas  City.  Kans. 

Dr.  K.  L.  Bertram,  Tri-City  .Packing  Co.,  Daven- 
port. Iowa. 

Dr.    Fred    Braginton,   care   Continental    Tacking 
Co.,  Bloi»mington,  111. 

Dr.  J.  J.  Brougham,  care   Missouri  Stuck  Yards, 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Dr.  (i.  W.   Butler,   care  Drummond  Bros.,   Kan 
.  Wis. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Clancy,  National  Stock  Yards,  111. 

Dr.  L.  Clarke,   room  :CJO,  Quincy   Building,   Den- 
ver, Colo. 

Dr.  Charles  Cowie,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  David  Ciimming,  '.M2  Lnpeerave..  I 'or!  Huron, 
Mich. 

Dr.    Hubert    Darling,    care    Cbas.    S.    Hardy,   San 
.,  i  ,i  1. 

Dr.   I-:.  T.   Da  vi-nu,  Itusbville,  Neli. 

Dr.  .1.  F.  Deadmaii.  Snlllt  Ste.  Marie.  Mich. 

Mr.  Albert   Dean,  room  :vix.  Stock   Yard  SI 
Kansas  City,  Kans. 

Dr.  F.  L.  De  \Voii.  \Voiiv  Packing  Co., 

ka,  Kans. 


Dr.  Geo.  Ditewig,  care  Union  Stock  Yards,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 
Dr.  E.  P.  Dowd,  care  White,  Pevey  ^  Dexter  Co., 

Worcester,  Mass. 
Dr.  O.  K.  Dyson,  ;!16  Exchange  Building,  Union 

Stock  Yards.  Chicago,  111. 
Dr.  Geo.  C.  Faville,  Box  7%.  Norfolk.  Ya. 
Dr.  T.   A.  Geddes,  care  U.  S.  consul,    London, 

•England. 

Dr.  H.  H.  Geprgc,  507  Johnson  st.,  Louisville.  Ky. 
Dr.  W.  H.  Gibbs,  (tare  Morton-(ire:rsoii  Co..   Ne- 
braska City,  Nebr. 
Dr.  L.  K.  Green,  care  Hammond.  Staudish  &  Co., 

Detroit.  Mich. 

Dr.  II.  A.  Hedriek.'J15St.  Papist.,  Baltimore.  Md. 
Dr.   O.    B.    Hess,    care     Frye -Brnhn    Co.,  Seattle, 

Wash. 
Mr.  (i.  S.  Hickox,  I'.  O.  )>ox  11  !.">,  Salt  Lake  City, 

Utah. 

Dr.  A.  A.  Holeombe,  Aurora.  111. 
Dr.  Julius  Hudson,  care  Jersey  City  Slock  Yards 

Co.,  Jersey  City.  N.  J. 
Dr.  F.  W.  Huntington,  U.S.  customs  ollice  wharf, 

(J.T.  K.  U.,  Portland.  Me. 
Dr.  K.  Jay.  care  Jacob  F.  Dei  i  .  Ma. -mi 

City,  Iowa. 
Dr.   (i.    A.  Johnson,   Exchange   Building.    Sioux 

City,  Iowa. 
Dr.  James  Johnston,  care  U.  S.  consul.  Liverpool, 

England. 
Dr.    J.    S.    Kelly,    care     lilmi.er   \-    Michael    Co., 

quincy,  111. 

Dr.  F.  D.  Ketchum,  South  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Dr.    Albert     Long,    care    Sperry    >v     BarBCS,    New 

Haven.  <  '. 
Dr.C.  Lovc'berry.  room  •10'J,  Custom-House  i 

Portland.  ' 
Dr.  II.  D.  Ma\i,e.  Malone,  N.  V. 


Bulletin    No.6O,    B.  A.  I. 


PLATE  1. 


HEADS  OF  CHICKENS  AFFECTED  WITH  MANSON'S  EYE  WORM. 


U.   S.   DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY—  BULLETIN  No.  60. 


D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M.,  Chief  of  Bureau. 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS 

(Oxyspirura.  Mansoni], 

WITH  A  GENERAL  REVIEW  OF  NEMATODES  PARASITIC 
IN  THE  EYES  OF  BIRDS, 


NOTES  ON  THE  SPINY-SUCKERED  TAPEWORMS  OF  CHICKENS 

(Davainea  echinobothrida  (  =  Txnia  botrioplites}  and  D.  tetragona). 


BY 


B.  H.  RANSOM,  B.  Sc.,  A.  M., 

Scientific  Assistant  in  Charge  of  the  Zoological  Laboratory, 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1904. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY, 
Washington,  D.  C. ,  July  £5,  1904. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  for  publication  the  man- 
uscript of  two  articles  entitled,  respectively,  "Manson's  eye  worm 
of  chickens  ( Oxyspirura  JIansoni),  with  a  general  review  of  nematodes 
parasitic  in  the  eyes  of  birds,"  and  "Notes  on  the  spiny-suckered  tape- 
worms of  chickens,  Davainea  echinobothrida  (=  Tsenia  botrioplites)  and 
D.  tetragona^  by  B.  H.  Ransom,  B.  Sc.,  A.  M.,  scientific  assistant  in 
charge  of  the  Zoological  Laboratory  of  this  Bureau. 

The  first-named  paper  is  in  two  parts.  The  first  part  comprises  a 
complete  account  of  a  parasitic  nematode,  the  presence  of  which  in 
North  America  has  not  previously  been  recorded.  This  parasite  is 
found  beneath  the  nictitating  membrane  of  the  eyes  of  chickens  and 
peafowl,  and  chickens  thus  affected  frequently  exhibit  a  severe  oph- 
thalmia, which,  if  left  untreated,  ends  in  the  loss  of  the  eyes  and  may 
even  lead  to  fatal  results.  The  second  part  contains  a  complete  sum- 
mary of  all  the  parasites  allied  to  Oxyspirura  Mansoni  which  occur  in 
the  eyes  of  birds. 

The  second  article  consists  in  a  discussion  of  two  important  tape- 
worms of  chickens.  These  worms,  although  distinctly  different  species, 
show  such  close  anatomical  similarities  that  they  have  hitherto  been 
much  confused,  and  indeed  their  specific  identity  seems  so  far  never 
to  have  been  clearly  and  precisely  recognized.  One  of  them  (Davainea 
echinobothrida  =-  Tsenia  botrioplites)  is  the  form  which  frequently 
produces  the  nodular  disease  of  the  intestines,  first  reported  for  this 
country  in  1895  by  Dr.  Veranus  A.  Moore,  at  that  time  pathologist  in 
this  Bureau;  while  the  other  (Davainea  tetragona)  produces  no  appar- 
ent lesions. 

The  economic  importance  of  recognizing  and  distinguishing  between 
the  two  species  is  evident.  Upon  the  basis  of  the  specific  diagnoses 
given  in  this  paper,  the  worms  may  be  readily  identified  and  separated 
from  each  other,  the  characteristic  differences  between  the  two  forms 
being  here  given  for  the  first  time. 

The  illustrative  work  necessary  for  the  articles  has  been  done  by 
W.  S.  D.  Haines,  the  artist  of  this  Bureau. 
Very  respectfully, 

D.  E.  SALMON, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 
Hon.  JAMES  WILSON, 

Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni)  OF  CHICKENS 7 

Introduction 7 

Symptoms 7 

Treatment 8 

Historical  review 9 

Anatomy 10 

External  appearance 10 

Internal  anatomy 13 

Nervous  system 13 

Excretory  system 14 

Muscle  system 15 

Digestive  system 15 

Reproductive  system 16 

Life  history  and  development 18 

GENERAL  REVIEW  OF  NEMATODES  PARASITIC  IN  THE  EYES  OF  BIRDS 20 

List  of  species,  with  synonymy  and  specific  diagnoses 20 

Compendium  of  nematodes  parasitic  in  the  eyes  of  birds,  arranged  accord- 
ing to  hosts 45 

Bibliography 50 

NOTES  ON  THE  SPINY-SUCKERED  TAPEWORMS  OF  CHICKENS  (Daminea  echinobo- 

thrida  ( =  Txnia  botrioplites)  and  D.  tetragona) 55 

General  discussion  and  historical  review 55 

Specific  diagnoses  of  Davainea  ietragona  and  D.  echinobolhrida 63 

Bibliography 66 

INDEX  TO  TECHNICAL  NAMES..  70 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATE. 

Page. 
Heads  of  chickens  affected  with  Hanson's  eye  worm Frontispiece. 

TEXT   FIGURES. 

FIG.  1.  Manson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni):  Male  and  female  worms, 

natural  size 7 

2.  Manson's  eye  worm  ( Oxyspirura  Mansoni} :  Anterior  view" of  head 11 

3.  Manson's  eye  worm  ( Oxyspirura  Mansoni) :  Dorsal  view  of  head 11 

4.  Manson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni):  Ventral  view  of  posterior 

end  of  male,  showing  papillse 12 

5.  Manson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni):  Side  view  of  anterior  end 

of  body 14 

6.  Manson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni) :  Side  view  of  posterior  end 

of  male 16 

7.  Manson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni) :  Side  view  of  posterior  end 

of  female 17 

8.  Manson's  eye  worm  ( Oxyspirura  Mansoni) :  Eggs 17 

9.  Manson's  eye  worm  ( Oxyspirura  Mansoni);  Embryos 18 

10.  Oxyspirura  anacanthura:  Posterior  end  of  male 21 

11.  Oxyspirura  anacanthura:  Right  spicule 21 

12.  [?  Oxyspirura~\  anolabiata:  Lateral  view  of  head 22 

13.  [?  Oxyspirura]  brevipenis:  Posterior  end  of  male 22 

14.  Oxyspirura  cephaloptera:  Anterior  view  of  head 24 

15.  Oxyspirura  cephaloptera:  Posterior  end  of  male 24 

16.  Oxyspirura  ophthalmica:  Head 26 

17.  Oxyspirura  ophthalmica:  Side  view  of  posterior  end  of  male 26 

18.  Oxyspirura  ophthalmica:  Transverse  section  through   lateral   field  of 

body  wall 26 

19.  [?  Oxyspirura']  papillosa:  Anterior  view  of  head 27 

20.  [?  Oxyspirura]  papillosa:  Posterior  end  of  male 27 

21.  Oxyspirura  siamensis:  Side  view  of  posterior  end  of  male 28 

22.  Oxyspirura  sygmoidea:  Posterior  end  of  male 29 

23.  Ceratospira  vesiculosa:  Posterior  end  of  male 30 

24.  Ceratospira  ophthalmica:  Anterior  end 31 

25.  Ceratospira  ophthalmica:  Ventral  view  of  posterior  end  of  male 31 

26.  [?  Filaria]  campanulata:  Female,  natural  size 34 

27.  [?  Filaria~]  campanulata:  Anterior  end  of  female,  enlarged 34 

28.  [?  Filar ia]  campanulata:  Posterior  end  of  female,  enlarged 34 

29.  Filaria  obtmo-caudata:  Posterior  end  of  male 36 

30.  Filaria  obtuso-caudata:  Anterior  end  of  male 36 

31.  [?  Spiroptera]  tenuicauda:  Anterior  view  of  head 39 

32.  Aprocta  cylindrica:  Posterior  end  of  male 40 

4 


ILLUSTRATIONS.  5 

Page. 

FIG.  33.  Aproda  orbilalis:  Cross  section 41 

34.  Aprocta  orbitalis:  Posterior  end  of  male 41 

35.  Physaloptera  acuticauda:  Posterior  end  of  male 42 

36.  Physaloptera  acuticauda:  Inner  view  of  lip 42 

37.  Physaloptera  sp.:  Anterior  end  of  female,  showing  wing-like  append- 

ages and  lips 43 

38.  Syngamus  lari:  Female 44 

39.  Syngamus  lari:  Anterior  end  of  female ' 44 

40.  Syngamus  lari:  Vulva .. 44 

41.  Head  of  Davainea  tetragona 58 

42.  Head  of  Daminea  echinobothrida 58 

43.  Hooks  from  the  rostellum  of  Davainea  tdragona 58 

44.  Hooks  from  the  rostellnm  of  Davainea  echinobothrida 58 

45.  Hooks  from  the  suckers  of  Davainea  tetragona 59 

46.  Hooks  from  the  suckers  of  Davainea  echinobothrida 59 

47.  Segment  of  Davainea  tetragona,  showing  reproductive  organs 60 

48.  Segment  of  Davainea  echinobothrida 60 

49.  Gravid  segment  of  Davainea  letragona 61 

50.  Gravid  segment  of  Davainea  echinobothrida 61 

51 .  Cirrus  sac  of  Davainea  tetragona 62 

52.  Cirrus  sac  of  Davainea  echinobothrida..  62 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS 

(OXYSPIRURA  MANSONI), 

WITH  A  GENERAL,  REVIEW  OF  NEMATODES  PARASITIC 
IN  THE  EYES  OF  BIRDS. 


By  B.  H.  RANSOM,  B.  Sc.,  A.  M., 
Scientific  Assistant  in  Charge  of  Zoological  Laboratory,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  (OXYSPIRURA  MANSONI)  OF  CHICKENS. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  attention  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  has  recently  been 
called  to  the  occurrence  of  a  parasite  in  the  United  States  which  has 
hitherto  not  been  published  for  this  country.  The  parasite  in  question 
is  a  round  worm  known  as  Oxyspirura  Mansoni  {  —  Filaria  Mansoni=- 
Spiroptera  Emmerezii)  and  is  found  beneath  the 
nictitating  membrane  of  the  eye  of  chickens.  The 
worms  of  this  species  are  white,  small,  and  thread- 
like, measuring  a  little  over  half  an  inch  in  length, 
with  the  thickness  of  a  fine  sewing  needle.  The 
body  is  thickest  near  the  middle  and  tapers  grad- 
ually  toward  each  end.  The  posterior  end  is  the 
more  pointed,  and  in  the  male  is  more  or  less  «>«*•)•  Male  on  the  left 
curved  ventrally,  while  in  the  female  it  is  straight, 
The  females  are  generally  slightly  larger  than  the 
males.  The  number  which  ma}^  be  present  in  a  subject  varies  from 
few  to  many;  Mr.  H.  C.  Niles,  of  Summerland  Key,  Key  west,  Fla., 
states  that  he  has  taken  nearly  200  from  the  eyes  of  a  single  chicken. 

• 

SYMPTOMS. 

The  presence  of  these  worms  in  the  eye  is  frequently  borne  by  chickens 
without  any  apparent  inconvenience.  For  example,  the  chicken  men- 
tioned above  was  said  to  be  perfectly  healthy  and  entirely  without 
symptoms.  On  the  other  hand,  it  seems  that  considerable  irritation 
of  the  ocular  membranes  would  be  produced  by  the  movements  of  the 
worms,  which  are  seen  to  be  very  active  when  the  nictitating  membrane 
is  drawn  away  from  the  cornea  so  as  to  expose  them  to  view.  Apart 

7 


8  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

from  the  possibility  of  an  actively  irritating  influence,  the  worms 
undoubtedly  have  an  injurious  effect  merely  from  their  presence 
as  foreign  bodies.  •  It  would  appear  in  any  case  that  the  presence  of 
these  parasites  in  a  locality  so  sensitive  would  tend  to  establish  an 
inflammation,  and  at  least  be  a  condition  predisposing  to  inflammation 
from  other  causes. 

While  the  presence  of  the  parasites,  as  already  mentioned,  is  com- 
monly borne  without  seeming  inconvenience,  such  is  not  always  the 
case.  Distinct  symptoms  of  irritation  become  evident  at  times. 
Emmerez  (Emmerez  &  Megnin,  1901a)  observed  that  an  affected  bird 
shows  signs  of  uneasiness  and  scratches  at  its  eyes,  which  exhibit  an 
acute  inflammation  accompanied  by  an  abundant  secretion  of  tears. 
The  first  stages  of  the  inflammation  seem  to  be  confined  almost  entirely 
to  the  eye  itself.  The  nictitating  membrane,  which  is  swollen  and 
projects  slightly  beyond  the  eyelids  at  the  corner  of  the  eye,  is  kept 
in  continual  motion  to  and  fro,  as  if  to  remove  some  foreign  body. 
The  eyelids  become  stuck  together  and  a  white  cheesy  matter,  easily 
removed,  gathers  beneath  them. 

Further  sy mptoms  appear  which  seem  to  be  due  to  a  complication 
with  catarrh.  The  tissues  surrounding  the  eye  and  the  infra-ocular 
sinuses  become  highty  inflamed,  and  are  reddened  and  swollen.  (See 
Frontispiece.)  The  eyeball  is  likely  to  be  involved;  the  cornea  becomes 
opaque,  and  later  the  entire  eyeball  is  destroyed  and  the  orbital  cavity 
is  filled  with  a  yellow  purulent  material.  When  this  stage  is  reached 
the  worms  are  no  longer  to  be  found  in  the  eye.  The  nostrils  may 
also  be  affected  and  become  obstructed  in  the  catarrhal  process,  and 
finally  fatal  results  may  follow.  The  bird  becomes  somnolent,  scarcely 
eats,  declines  in  strength,  becomes  anemic,  and  dies  in  three  or  four 
weeks. 

TREATMENT. 

The  treatment  consists  in  the  removal  of  the  worms,  combined  with 
the  treatment  of  the  associated  catarrh.  The  worms  may  be  removed 
either  by  direct  mechanical  means,  as  with  small  forceps,  which  opera- 
tion is  more  or  less  dangerous  and 'painful  to  the  fowl,  or  by  irrigating 
with  a  solution  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  or  a  1  or  2  per  cent  solution  of 
'creolin.  The  irrigation  has  the  effect  of  partially  dislodging  the 
worms,  which  may  then  be  removed  entirety  by  wiping  away  with  a 
soft  cloth. 

Further  treatment  is  directed  toward  alleviation  of  the  inflammation 
or  the  cure  of  the  catarrh  which  may  have  been  established.  Irriga- 
tion of  the  eyes  with  a  mildly  antiseptic  solution,  such  as  a  4  per  cent 
boric  acid  solution  or  1  per  cent  creolin  solution,  is  indicated,  together 
with  irrigation,  also,  of  the  nose  and  mouth  if  the  nostrils  are  affected. 
Anointing  the  eyes  with  a  mixture  of  lard  9  parts  and  iodoform  1  part. 


MANSON  8    EYE    WORM    OF    CHICKENS.  9 

or  with  carbolized  vaseline,  is  likely  to  give  good  results  in  some  cases. 
The  general  sanitary  conditions  should  also  be  attended  to  and  stimu- 
lating food  furnished  as  in  the  treatment  of  simple  catarrh. 

Prophylaxis. — No  special  prophylaxis  is  evident,  as  the  life  history 
of  the  parasites  is  so  far  unknown  (see  p.  18).  Certain  general  pre- 
cautions which  are  likely  to  prevent  the  spread  of  this  as  well  as  of 
other  parasitic  diseases  should,  however,  be  taken.  Affected  fowls 
should  be  isolated.  The  chicken  houses  should  be  kept  clean  and  dis- 
infected frequently  by  the  use  of  boiling  water  and  whitewash,  with 
which  carbolic  acid,  creolin,  or  other  disinfectant  has  been  mixed. 
The  }*ards  likewise  should  be  kept  clean  and  free  from  excessive 
moisture.  Chickens  should  not  be  allowed  to  drink  from  stagnant 
pools,  but  pure  drinking  water  should  be  furnished  in  vessels  which 
can  be  frequently  cleaned. 

HISTORICAL  REVIEW. 

We  find  this  species  first  referred  to  by  Cobbold  (1879b,  p.  440)  in 
the  following  words: 

Here  I  may  mention  that  on  the  10th  of  April,  1878,  I  received  a  letter  from  Doctor 
Manson,  of  Amoy,  announcing  his  acquaintance  with  a  filaria  infesting  the  eye  of 
the  fowl.  On  the  9th  of  May  I  also  received  from  Doctor  Manson  the  head  of  a  bird 
showing  examples  of  the  worm.  As  the  species  is  new  to  science  I  have  proposed 
to  call  it  Filaria  Mansoni,  after  the  discoverer.  The  male  is  five-eighths  inch  and  the 
female  three-fourths  inch  in  length. 

Magalhaes  (1888)  was  the  next  observer  to  encounter  this  worm, 
which  he  described  from  specimens  collected  in  Brazil,  five  from  the 
eye  of  a  fowl  and  two  from  the  eye  of  a  peacock. 

Seven  years  later  (1895)  he  published  a  French  translation  of  his 
original  Portuguese  paper.  In  his  later  paper  he  was  able  to  change 
to  a  positive  statement  his  earlier  expressed  belief  as  to  the  identity 
of  the  Brazilian  form  with  Filaria  Mansoni,  having  had  in  the  mean- 
time opportunity  to  study  specimens  collected  by  Manson  in  China. 

Emmerez  &  Megnin  (1901a)  noticed  a  peculiar  ophthalmia  among 
chickens  on  the  island  of  Mauritius.  Following  the  account  which 
they  have  given,  the  disease  is  very  contagious  and  frequently  ends  in 
death.  It  begins  as  an  ordinary  ophthalmia.  The  bird  affected 
appears  uneasy  and  scratches  at  its  eyes,  which  become  much  inflamed 
and  watery.  The  eyelids  stick  together  and  a  white,  cheesy  matter, 
easily  removed,  gathers  beneath  them.  At  other  times  there  is  a  com- 
plication of  nasal  catarrh,  together  with  great  inflammation  and  edema 
of  the  infra-ocular  sinuses.  In  such  cases  the  condition  of  the  bird 
may  be  considered  very  serious.  With  its  eyes  almost  always  closed 
it  remains  in  one  place,  eats  but  little  and  with  difficulty,  becomes 
anemic,  and  dies  in  twenty  to  thirty  days. 


10  BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

One  of  the  fowls  which  had  begun  to  show  symptoms  of  the  disease 
was  isolated,  and  Doctor  Emmerez  observed  the  following: 

The  trouble  seemed  to  be  confined  to  the  eye  itself,  while  the  eyelids  exhibited  no 
inflammation,  except  that  the  nictitating  membrane  was  slightly  swollen  and  pro- 
jected at  the  corner  of  the  eye.  It  was  drawn  rapidly  and  constantly  across  the 
eye,  as  if  to  remove  some  foreign  body.  When  the  membrane  was  lifted  a  large 
number  of  little  white  slender  worms  in  active  motion  were  seen  beneath.  Doctor 
Emmerez  was  able  to  remove  them  all,  to  the  number  of  about  50. 

Treatment  becomes  very  simple  after  the  discovery  of  the  worms.  A  solution  of 
bicarbonate  of  soda  is  dropped  in  the  eye  several  times  a  day.  Under  the  influence 
of  this  treatment  the  worms  come  out  from  under  the  membrane,  fall  between  and 
under  the  eyelids,  and  are  carried  outward  with  the  tears.  A  fine  cloth  should  be 
used  to  finally  remove  them,  as  they  very  quickly  regain  their  position  under  the 
membrane.  As  an  alternative,  one  may  remove  the  worms  with  fine  forceps  and 
complete  the  treatment  by  bathing  the  eye  with  a  warm  4  per  cent  solution  of  boric 
acid. 

Taken  at  the  start  this  affection  offers  nothing  serious,  but  if  allowed  to  become 
complicated  with  nasal  catarrh  it  may  prove  fatal. 

In  addition  to  the  above  account  Megnin  gives  a  short  zoological 
description  with  figures  and  proposes  to  name  the  worm  Spiroptera 
Emmerezii,  believing  it  to  be  a  new  species,  but  the  description  leaves 
no  doubt  as  to  its  identity  with  the  previously  described  Filaria 
Mansoni. 

In  1901  and  1902  Mr.  F.  C.  Clark  collected  numerous  specimens  at 
Laughlands,  Jamaica,  which  are  preserved  in  the  helminthological 
collection  (Nos.  3182  and  3257)  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Department  of  Agriculture.  The  Bureau  is  under  obligations  to  Mr. 
H.  C.  Niles,  Key  west,  Fla.,  for  supplying  a  number  of  chickens 
infected  with  this  parasite. 

Attention  may  here  be  called  to  the  fact  that  so  far  the  worm  has 
been  reported  only  from  localities  on  or  near  the  seacoast.  This  point 
may  prove  to  be  of  significance  in  the  life  history  or  it  may  be  only  a 
coincidence,  but  in  any  case  it  is  worthy  of  remark. 

ANATOMY. 
EXTERNAL   APPEARANCE. 

• 

The  worms  are  white,  with  the  customary  slender  threadlike  form 
of  the  nematodes,  and  are  attenuated  at  both  ends.  The  attenuation 
is  greater  toward  the  posterior  end,  which  is  pointed,  while  the  anterior 
end  is  rounded  (fig.  1). 

Males  may  be  distinguished  from  females  by  their  generally  smaller 
size,  and  by  the  tail,  which  is  curved  ventrally  (fig.  1). 

The  cuticula  is  very  transparent  and  perfectly  smooth.  Magalhaes 
(1888,  1895)  describes  the  cuticula  as  finely  striated  transversely,  but 
M6gnin  (Emmerez  &  Me"gnin,  1901a)  remarks  that  there  is  no  visible 


HANSONS    EYE    WORM    OF    CHICKENS. 


11 


FIG.  2.— Hanson's  eye  worm  (Oxj/spt- 
rura  Mangvni).  Anterior  view  of 
head:  c.  o.  r.,  circumoral  cuticular 
ring;  I.p.,  lateral  papilla;  m,  mouth; 
s.  I.p.,  sublateral  papilla;  s.  m.p., 
submedian  papilla.  Enlarged. 
Original. 


•o.o  .r. 


striation  of  the  cuticula,  nor  have  I  seen  such  markings  in  any  of  a 
large  number  of  specimens  examined. 

The  muscle  fibers  of  the  body  wall  are  plainly  visible  through  the 
cuticula,  under  low  magnification,  as  coarse  longitudinal  striations, 
and  in  favorable  specimens  much  of  the 
internal  anatomy  is  also  apparent. 

On  each  side  of  the  body  350  to  400  // 
from  the  anterior  end  is  a  very  small 
rounded  cervical  papilla,  scarcely  discerni- 
ble, provided  with  a  short  projecting  hair- 
like  process,  evidently  a  sense  organ.  A 
pair  of  very  small  conical  papilla?,  each 
with  a  tiny  opening,  is  situated  near  the 
tip  of  the  tail  in  both  sexes  (fig.  4.) 

The  mouth  (fig.  2,  m.)  is  circular  or  oval, 
and  is  surrounded  by  a  chitinous  ring  (figs. 
2,  3,  c.  o.  r.)  divided  into  six  lobes  by  nar- 
row clefts  extending  inward  from  the 
outer  edge.  These  clefts  correspond  to  the 

lateral  and  submedian  longitudinal  lines. 
Projecting  from  the  surface  of  the  head 
near  the  outer  edge  of  the  ring  and  in  rela- 
tion with  the  clefts  are  six  small  papilla? 
(figs.  2,  3, 1.  p.,  *.  m.  p.}  to  be  distinguished 
only  with  difficulty  and  usually  only  when 
the  head  is  viewed  en  face  under  a  high 
power.  On  the  sides  of  the  head,  poste- 
rior of  the  circle  of  papilla?  just  referred 
to,  are  four  papillae  (figs.  2,  3,  *.  1.  p.} 
which  from  their  position  may  be  desig- 
nated sublateral  papilla,  as  they  are  lo- 
cated midway  between  the  lateral  and  sub- 
median  lines.  The  sublateral  papillae 
measure  4  to  6  )*  in  length,  and  are  slender 
and  conical  in  shape.  They  project  out- 
ward almost  at  right  angles  to  the  surface, 
and  under  a  moderately  high  power  are 
readily  apparent  in  a  lateral  view  of  the  head. 

The  excretory  pore  (fig.  5,  ex.  p.}  is  situated  in  the  ventral  line  at 
about  the  level  of  the  cervical  papillae;  that  is,  350  to  400  /*  from  the 
anterior  end  of  the  body. 

Male:  Cobbold  (1879b)  gives  the  length  of  the  male  as  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  (about  16  mm.);  Magalhaes  (1888,  1895),  14  mm.;  and  Megnin 
(Eminerez  &  Megnin,  1901a),  12  mm.  The  maximum  length  of  the  speci- 


FIG.  3.— Manson's  eye  worm  (Oxytpi- 
rura  Mansoni).  Dorsal  view  of 
head:  c.o.r.,  circumoral  cuticular 
ring;  es.,  esophagus;  I.  p.,  lateral 
papilla;  ph.,  pharynx;  s.l.p.,  sub- 
lateral  papilla;  t.m.p.,  submedian 
papilla.  Enlarged.  Original. 


12 


BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


mens  which  I  have  measured  was  14  mm. ,  the  minimum  10  mm.  Speci- 
mens of  the  latter  length  were  clearly  immature;  12  to  13  mm.  was  the 
usual  size  of  mature  worms.  The  diameter  of  the  body  is  50  ^  at  the 
anterior  end,  200  to  350  /<  at  the  middle,  and  65  to  150  /*  at  the  opening 
of  the  cloaca,  which  is  situated  320  to  400  ft  from  the  tip  of  the  tail. 
As  already  mentioned,  the  tail  is  more  or  less  curved  ventrally  and 
may  describe  one  complete  revolution  of  a  spiral,  or  less.  There  are  six 
pairs  of  genital  papillae  (fig.  4)  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the 
anal  opening — two  pairs  postanal  and  four  pairs  preanal.  Megnin 
(Emmerez  &  Megnin,  1901a)  mentions  but  five  pairs  of  papilla?; 

Magalhaes  (1888,  1895),  on  the  other  hand, 
states  that  there  are  eight  pairs — three  post- 
anal  and  five  preanal.  In  the  considerable 
number  of  specimens  which  I  have  examined 
there  were  in  no  case  more  nor  less  than  six 
pairs  of  genital  papillae. 

The  papillae  (fig.  4)  of  the  first  and  second 
pair  are  situated  a  short  distance  on  either 
side  of  the  median  line.  -The  second  pair  is 
just  posterior  of  the  anus,  and  the  first  pair 
about  50  n  behind  the  second.  The  .papilhe  of 
the  third  pair,  adanal  rather  than  preanal, 
are  almost  on  a  line  with  the  anal  opening,  and 
are  so  far  distant  from  the  median  line  as  to 
be  sublateral  in  position.  The  fourth  pair  is 
30  to  40  yu,  the  fifth  pair  60  to  TO  yu,  and  the 
sixth  pair  100  to  130  yw,  anterior  of  the  anus. 
Of  any  two  successive  pairs,  the  fourth  and 
fifth  pairs  are  generally  the  nearest  together, 
while  the  fifth  and  sixth  are  the  farthest  apart 
(the  lateral  distance  which  separates  the  papil- 
lae of  the  third  pair  from  the  others  not  con- 
sidered). Passing  forward  from  the  first  pair 
of  papillae,  which  are  the  closest  together,  and 
leaving  out  of  consideration  the  third  pair,  the  lateral  distance 
between  the  papillae  of  each  pair  gradually  increases,  reaching  a 
maximum  in  the  sixth  pair,  which  are  situated  nearly  on  the  sub- 
median  lines.  The  papillae  of  the  sixth,  fifth,  fourth,  second,  and 
firpt  pairs  are  thus  located  on  two  converging  lines  which  meet 
a  short  distance  posterior  of  the  anus.  There  is  more  or  less  asym- 
metry in  the  arrangement  of  the  papillae,  so  that  the  papillae  of 
any  one  pair  are  not  always  exactly  opposite.  Owing  to  this  cir- 
cumstance it  is  sometimes  difficult,  from  a  lateral  view  alone,  to 
determine  the  exact  number  of  papillae  and  their  arrangement  into 
pairs.  The  spicules  (fig.  6,  up.)  are  often  seen  extruding  from  the  anal 


FIG.  4. — Manson's  eye  worm 
(Oxyitpirura  Mansoni}.  Ven- 
tral view  of  posterior  end  of 
male,  showing  papillae.  En- 
larged. Original. 


HANSONS    EYE    WORM    OF    CHICKENS. 


13 


opening.  One  of  the  spicules  is  long  and  .slender,  and  the  extruded 
portion  may  measure  1  mm.  or  more  in  length,  while  the  other  is 
short  and  thick  and  is  only  slightly  protrusible.  In  no  specimen 
examined  was  there  any  evidence  of  lateral  cuticular  membranes  in 
relation  with  the  tail,  as  described  by  Megnin  (Emmerez  &  Megnin, 
1901a). 

Female:  The  females  measure  from  12  to  18  mm.  in  length,  50yu  in 
diameter  at  the  anterior  end,  400  to  430  /*  at  the  middle  of  the  body, 
210  to  280  /*  at  the  vulva,  and  90  to  100  /*  at  the  anus.  The  vulva  (fig. 
7,  ind.)  is  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  bodjr,  1  to  1.4  mm.  from  the  tip 
of  the  tail.  It  is  an  almost  circular  opening  40  or  50  ft  in  diameter, 
surrounded  by  a  very  prominent  raised  border.  The  anus  (fig.  7)  is 
situated  400  to  530  /*  from  the  tip  of  the  tail,  and  its  location  is  fre- 
quently indicated  by  a  small  papilla- like  swelling  of  the  cuticula. 
Magalhaes  (1888, 1895)  gives  the  following  table  of  measurements  of 

five  females: 

Measurements  of  Manson's  eye  worm  (female). 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

Length  

mm. 
15.00 

mm. 
15.00 

mm. 
16.00 

mm. 
17  00 

mm. 
18  00 

Diameter  at  anterior  end  

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

05 

Diameter  a  little  farther  back.  

.09 

.08 

.08 

07 

07 

Diameter  at  middle  third  

.42 

.41 

.42 

.41 

.43 

Diameter  at  level  of  vulva  

.22 

.22 

.28 

.28 

.21 

Diameter  at  level  of  anus  

.10 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

Diameter  at  extremity  of  tail  

.01 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.01 

Diameter  of  mouth  opening  

03 

03 

03 

03 

03 

Diameter  of  esophagus  

.05 

.05 

05 

05 

05 

Diameter  of  vulva  

.06 

07 

06 

05 

.05 

Distance  of  vulva  from  tip  of  tail  :  

1.00 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.33 

Distance  of  anus  from  tip  of  tail 

40 

40 

40 

40 

53 

INTERNAL   ANATOMY. 


An  extensive  account  of  the  internal  anatomy  is  deemed  unnecessary 
for  the  purposes  of  this  article,  and  accordingly  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  elaborate  the  finer  anatomical  and  histological  details.  The 
following  discussion  is  therefore  confined  to  the  more  general  rela- 
tions of  internal  structure. 


NERVOUS   SYSTEM. 


A  nerve  ring  (fig.  5,  n.  r.)  surrounds  the  esophagus  about  250  /* 
from  the  anterior  end  of  the  body.  It  is  thus  some  distance  anterior 
of  the  excretoiy  pore. 

In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  nerve  ring  are  a  number  of 
large  cells  with  prominent  nuclei,  which,  from  their  position,  were 
interpreted  by  Magalhaes  as  ganglion  cells.  Some  of  them  are  smaller 
than  the  rest  and  stand  in  direct  relation  with  the  fibers  of  the  nerve 


BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


1.1. 


n.r. 


ring.     The  remainder  are  arranged  in  four  groups,  corresponding  to 
dorsal,  ventral,  and  lateral  ganglia.     The  lateral  groups  are  embedded 

in  the  substance  of  the  lateral 
bands  on  each  side  of  the  nerve 
ring.  The  dorsal  group  is  com- 
posed of  four  or  five  pyriform 
cells  with  processes  extending  to 
the  body  wall  in  the  dorsal  line. 
The  ventral  group  is  largest,  and 
extends  from  the  nerve  ring  to 
the  excretory  pore.  In  cross 
section  it  is  triangular,  with  the 
apex  of  the  triangle  joining  the 
body  wall  in  the  ventral  line, 
while  the  base  is  closely  applied 
to  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
esophagus.  Cells  of  similar  ap- 
pearance to  the  above  occur  in  a 
group  in  each  lateral  band  oppo- 
site the  terminal  portion  of  the 
intestine  in  both  male  and  female. 
The  following  nerves  were  seen : 
A  prominent  ventral  and  a  small 
dorsal  nerve  extending  backward 
from  the  nerve  ring  in  the  ven- 
tral and  dorsal  lines,  respectively, 
and  one  or  two  nerves  extending 
forward  from  the  nerve  ring  in 
each  lateral  band.  The  ventral 
nerve  divides  into  two  a  short 
distance  posterior  of  the  nerve 
ring,  and  the  two  portions,  after 
passing  one  on  either  side  of  the 
common  excretory  canal,  unite 
again  on  the  median  line. 


EXCRETORY   SYSTEM. 


The  lateral  bands  (fig.  5,  I.  I.) 
extend  the  length  of  the  body, 
and  measure  15  to  20  ft  in  width. 
They  have  the  usual  structure, 
contain  numerous  nuclei,  and 
through  them  run  the  longitudi- 
nal excretory  canals,  which  unite  posterior  of  the  nerve  ring,  and  open 
by  the  common  tube  thus  formed  at  the  excretory  pore  (fig.  5,  ex.  p.]. 


FIG.  5.— Hanson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni). 
Side  view  of  anterior  end  of  body:  cs.,  esophagus; 
ex.  p.,  excretory  pore;  int.,  intestine;  1.  L,  lateral 
line;  n.  r.,  nerve  ring;  ph.,  pharynx.  Enlarged. 
Original. 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  15 

There  appears  to  be  a  connection  posteriorly  between  the  excretory 
canals  and  the  openings  through  the  small  papilkc  (fig.  4),  near  the  tip 
of  the  tail,  already  mentioned,  but  this  relation  could  not  be  deter- 
mined with  certainty. 

MUSCLE   SYSTEM. 

The  muscles  of  the  body  wall  have  the  well-known  polymyarian 
arrangement. 

A  fan-like  system  of  fibers  (figs.  6,  7)  is  found  in  the  tail  of  both 
male  and  female  in  relation  with  the  terminal  portion  of  the  intestine. 
Beginning  close  together  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  anus,  the  fibers 
extend  in  divergent  lines  to  attach  to  the  dorsal  wall  of  the  body. 


DIGESTIVE    SYSTEM. 


The  circular  or  oval  mouth  (fig.  2,  m.)  opens  into  a  chitinous  mouth 
capsule,  or  pharynx  (figs.  3,  5,  ph.],  in  which  two  distinct  portions 
may  be  defined,  anterior  and  posterior,  the  former  somewhat  shorter 
and  broader  than  the  latter,  and  marked  off  from  it  by  a  prominent 
irregular  ridge  projecting  forward  on  the  inner  surface.  The  pharynx 
is  triangular  in  cross  section.  Its  length  is  40  to  60  /<.  The  anterior 
portion  measures  15  to  25  /*  in  length  \>y  25  to  30  /*  in  width;  the  pos- 
terior portion  25  to  30  /*  in  length  by  20  to  25  /*  in  width. 

The  esophagus  (figs.  3,  5,  es.),  which  begins  at  the  base  of  the 
pharynx,  is  a  thick-walled  muscular  organ  with  a  narrow  triradiate 
lumen  lined  by  cuticula,  and  belongs  to  the  filariform  type.  It  is 
club-shaped,  gradually  increasing  in  size  toward  the  posterior  end. 
The  diameter  of  its  anterior  end  is  abput  40  /*;  of  its  posterior  end, 
80  to  100  yu;  and  the  length  is  about  1.5  mm.  The  posterior  end  is 
rounded  and  slightly  bulbous,  and  at  the  extremity,  which  projects 
into  the  lumen  of  the  intestine,  prolonged  into  a  rounded  conical  tip, 
without  muscular  elements  and  apparently  composed  entirely  of  chitin. 

Except  for  irregular  dilations  the  intestine  (figs.  5,  6,  7,  int.)  varies 
little  in  diameter  during  its  almost  straight  course  from  esophagus  to 
rectum  and  measures  in  that  dimension  from  50  to  100  yw.  Its  compara- 
tively thin  wall  is  composed  of  columnar  cells  about  8  /*  in  length, 
covered  internally  by  the  peculiar  cuticular  lining  of  the  nematode 
intestine.  The  cells  (fig.  7,  x.)  forming  the  wall  of  that  portion  of  the 
intestine  just  in  front  of  the  rectum  are  larger  and  less  closely  crowded 
than  elsewhere  and  the  wall  is  thicker.  In  a  ventral  view  of  the 
female  this  region  of  the  intestine  is  seen  to  be  sharply  marked  off 
from  the  rectum  by  a  straight  transverse  line. 

The  rectum  (tig.  7,  ret.)  tapers  gradually  toward  its  opening  at  the 
anus.  Its  wall  is  compact  and  lined  inwardly  by  a  dense  layer  of 
cuticula.  It  measures  100  to  120  j*  in  length.  The  fan-like  system  of 
fibers  extending  from  its  terminal  portion  to  the  dorsal  wall  of  the 
body  has  already  been  mentioned. 


16 


BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


REPRODUCTIVE   SYSTEM. 


Sp. 


int 


Male:  The  testis  begins  anterior  of  the  middle  of  the  body  as  a 
slender  cord,  which  makes  a  number  of  short  loops  backward  and 
forward  and  gradually  increases  in  diameter.  It  may  extend  into  the 
anterior  part  of  the  body  almost  to  the  nerve  ring.  From  about  the 
middle  of  the  body,  where  it  has  attained  a  size  of  50  to  60  jw,  its  far- 
ther course  backward  is  almost  a  straight  line.  About  1.5  mm.  in 
front  of  the  anus  there  is  a  constriction  which  marks  the  beginning 

of  the  terminal  portion  or 
ejaculatory  duct  (fig.  6,  dct. 
ej.).  The  wall  of  this  por- 
tion is  thick,  composed  of 
tall  columnar  cells,  and  the 
lumen  is  narrow.  The  por- 
tion immediately  anterior 
of  the  constriction,  with 
thin  walls  and  wide  lumen, 
serves  as  a  seminal  vesicle 
(fig.  6,  v.  s.).  The  ejacula- 
tory duct  becomes  smaller 
near  its  terminus  and  joins 
the  intestine  on  the  ventral 
side  of  the  latter,  80  to  100 
/*  from  the  anal  opening,  to 
form  the  cloaca. 

The  long  spicule  measures 
3  to  3.5  mm.  in  length  by  8 
to  10  i*  in  diameter;  the 
short  spicule,  200  to  220  fit 
in  length  by  30  j-i  in  maxi- 
mum thickness.  The  spi- 
cules are  hollow.  There  is 
no  opening  through  their 
Lateral  rounded  distal  ends,  while 
their  proximal  ends  are 
squarely  cut  off  and  open. 
The  short  spicule  may  be 
compared  roughly  to  a  boat.  On  its  ventral  surface  it  has  a  longitu- 
dinal depression  or  groove,  which  serves  as  a  guide  for  the  slender 
spicule.  The  delicate  transverse  striation  of  the  spicules  is  not  super- 
ficial but  affects  their  entire  thickness.  The  spicules  are  situated  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  cloaca.  If  the  long  spicule  is  on  the  right  side, 
the  short  spicule  is  on  the  left  side,  and  vice  versa,  and  this  relation 
varies  in  different  individuals.  Each  spicule  is  surrounded  by  a  close- 
fitting  sheath,  which  opens  into  the  dorso-lateral  side  of  the  cloaca  near 
its  terminus.  The  walls  of  the  spicule  sheaths  are  well  supplied  with 


FIG.  6.— Hanson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni). 
view  of  posterior  end  of  male:  dct.  ej.,  ejaculatory  duet; 


MANSON  8    EYE    WOKM    OF    CHICKENS. 


17 


longitudinal  muscle  fibers,  and  a  strong  bundle  of  muscle  fibers  (fig.  6) 

extends  forward  from  the  anterior  end  of  each  spicule  attaching  finally 

to  the  body  wall  near  the  ventral  line. 

Female:  The  female  organs  begin  in  the  posterior  portion  of  the 

worm  as  two  slender  tubes,  the  ovaries  (fig.  7,  ov.),  which  describe  a 

number  of  loops  in  their  course  forward, 
and  increasing  gradually  in  size  are  trans- 
formed into  two  large  uteri  filled  with 
eggs  in  various  stages  of  development. 
Besides  lesser  loops  each  uterus  describes 
a  long  loop,  the  two  limbs  of  which  ex- 
tend nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  worm, 
so  that  in  a  cross  section  near  the  middle 
of  the  body  each  uterus  is  cut  twice.  The 
bend  of  the  long  loop  of  the  uterus  is  in 
the  anterior  part  of  the  body.  The  two 
uteri  ultimately  unite  in  the  posterior 


ov. 


^  _  VUl. 


0V. 


int. 


FIG.  7. — Hanson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspi- 
rura  ifansoni).  Lateral  view  of 
posterior  end  of  female:  int.,  intes- 
tine; ov.,  ovary;  ret.,  rectum;  vg., 
vagina;  vul.,  vulva;  x.,  cells  sur- 
rounding rectum.  Enlarged.  Orig- 
inal. 


PIG.  8. — Hanson's  eye  worm  (Oxyspi- 
rura  Mansorti).  Eggs  containing  em- 
bryos. Enlarged.  (Drawings by E. C. 
Stevenson.) 


part  of  the  body  about  1.5  to  2  mm.  in  front  of  the  vulva  to  form 
the  vagina  (fig.  7,  -y^.),  which  extends  in  a  nearly  straight  course 
backward  to  the  vulvar  orifice.  The  vagina  measures  about  50  /*  in 
diameter,  the  uteri  about  100  yw  in  maximum  diameter.  The  wall  of 
the  vagina  increases  in  thickness  posteriad,  due  to  the  gradual  accu- 
mulation of  circular  muscle  fibers.  The  eggs  are  forced  along  the 
narrow  lumen  of  the  vagina  in  a  single  row,  but  in  the  uterus  as  many 
as  15  or  20  may  be  counted  in  a  single  cross  section. 
4241— No.  60—04 2 


18 


BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


Segmentation  of  the  eggs  does  not  begin  until  after  the  formation 
of  the  shells.  At  this  time  the  eggs  are  much  elongated,  with  rather 
square  ends,  and  measure  24  by  12  //.  With  progressing  development 
the  eggs  increase  in  size  and  become  more  rounded,  so  that  in  the 
later  stages,  wherein  the  worm-like  embryo  is  rolled  up  inside  the 
shell,  they  are  almost  perfectly  oval  and  measure  50  by  40  to  65  by 
45  fi  (fig.  8). 

LIFE  HISTORY  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 

The  life  history  has  not  been  determined.  Megnin  (Emmerez  & 
Megnin,  1901a)  ventures  the  opinion  that  eggs  are  deposited  outside 
the  ej^e,  since  Emmerez  never  observed  free  eggs  or  embryos  in  the  eye, 


FIG.  9.— Manson'seye  worm  (Cte/spirura  3fanso7u).    Embryos.     Enlarged.    Original. 

and  he  surmises  that  development  takes  place  in  water.  Experiments 
bearing  upon  the  life  history  have  been  performed  in  this  laboratory, 
but  they  have  been  almost  barren  of  results. 

On  July  17,  1903,  two  female  worms  were  removed  from  the  eye  of 
a  chicken  into  salt  solution,  and  on  the  following  day  were  placed  in 
water  and  torn  into  small  pieces  with  needles,  thus  setting  free  a  large 
number  of  eggs  containing  embryos.  The  embryos  were  kept  at  the 
temperature  of  the  room.  Two  days  later  there  was  no  apparent 


19 

change,  but  on  the  following  day,  July  21,  many  of  the  embryos  had 
hatched. 

Iri  the  hatching  of  the  embryo  (fig.  9)  a  small  cap  splits  off  from 
each  pole  of  the  egg,  following  a  smooth  even  line  of  fracture,  leaving 
the  body  of  the  eggshell  in  the  form  of  a  barrel  without  head  or  bot- 
tom. In  many  instances  but  one  cap  splits  off.  The  newly  hatched 
embryo  is  only  slightly  attenuated  toward  each  end.  The  anterior 
end  is  rounded  and  the  posterior  end  only  very  bluntly  pointed. 
Little  could  be  distinguished  of  the  internal  structure,  which  was  still 
in  a  very  incomplete  condition  of  development.  The  cuticular  lining 
of  the  filariform  esophagus  was  distinctly  evident,  leading  backward 
from  a  small  cup-like  cavity  in  the  anterior  end,  indicating  a  rudi- 
mentary mouth  capsule  or  pharynx.  The  embryos  measure  225  to 
250  /*  long  by  12  /*  in  maximum  thickness;  the  esophagus  has  a  length 
of  about  50  jw. 

The  above-mentioned  embryos  were  quiescent  when  they  were  first 
seen  after  hatching,  and  apparently  dead,  with  the  exception  of  one, 
which  exhibited  feeble  movements,  but  it  also  became  quiet  in  a  short 
time.  The  embryos  manifested  no  further  signs  of  life  and  were 
entirely  decomposed  at  the  end  of  a  few  days. 

A  female  worm  from  the  same  lot  was  also  cut  up  on  July  18  and 
the  eggs  contained  were  transferred  to  the  eye  of  a  healthy  chicken. 
Two  weeks  later,  August  1,  the  eye  seemed  to  be  slightly  swollen  and 
a  small  white  opaque  spot  was  apparent  on  the  cornea;  on  August  (> 
the  other  eye  appeared  to  be  affected  also.  Careful  examination  of 
the  eyes,  however,  failed  to  reveal  any  of  the  parasites.  The  inference 
is  that  the  embryos  did  not  develop,  and  that  the  slight  affection  of 
the  eyes  noted  was  due  to  other  causes. 

Further  attempts  at  infection  have  been  made,  but  with  negative 
results.  Eggs  containing  embryos  were  placed  in  the  eye  of  a  young 
fowl  February  20,  1904.  On  the  same  date,  also,  eggs  containing 
embryos  were  fed  to  a  young  fowl  and  to  a  full-grown  hen.  Both 
young  chickens  died  April  4.  No  eye  worms  were  found  on  post- 
mortem examination.  Examination  of  the  remaining  chicken  to  which 
eggs  had  been  fed  showed  that  eye  worms  were  absent  April  19. 

These  few  incomplete  experiments,  all  resulting  negatively,  will 
warrant  no  definite  conclusions  concerning  the  life  history  of  Oxyspl- 
rura  Mansoni.  It  seems  probable,  however,  that  it  is  necessary  for 
the  embiTos  to  pass  a  certain  period  of  their  existence  either  free  or 
in  an  intermediate  host  before  they  will  develop  to  maturity.  If  fur- 
ther investigations  continue  to  show,  as  all  observations  so  far  have 
shown,  that  the  parasite  is  restricted  to  localities  bordering  on  the  sea- 
coast,  this  fact  will  be  of  considerable  significance  in  connection  with 
the  life  history,  indicating  either  that  some  marine  form  serves  the 


20  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

parasite  as  an  intermediate  host,  or  that  certain  conditions,  peculiar  to 
the  seashore  but  yet  unknown,  are  necessary  to  enable  the  parasite  to 
complete  the  cycle  of  its  development. 

The  entire  question  of  the  life  history  of  Oxyspirura  Mansoni,  there- 
fore, still  remains  to  be  solved. 

GENERAL   REVIEW   OF   NEMATODES   PARASITIC   IN   THE   EYES 

OF  BIRDS. 

In  connection  with  the  study  of  Oxyspifru.ra  Mansoni  it  was  found,  so 
far  as  was  possible  to  trace  in  the  literature,  that  only  one  other  nema- 
tode  ("  Filaria  oculi"  p.  20)  has  been  recorded  parasitic  in  the  eyes 
of  birds  in  the  United  States.  Taking  the  entire  world,  however, 
about  38  species,  altogether,  have  been  reported,  collected  from  the 
eyes  of  about  43  different  species  of  birds.  It  therefore  seems  very 
evident  that  a  considerable  number  of  species  probably  occur  in  the 
eyes  of  birds  in  the  United  States  which  have  hitherto  been  over- 
looked, chiefly,  it  is  presumed,  on  account  of  a  lack  of  due  attention 
by  collectors  of  parasites  to  the  eyes  of  animals  examined.  The  fact 
that  over  half  the  known  species  are  the  result  of  the  work  of  a  single 
collector  (Natterer)  of  South  American  birds  would  indicate  that  the 
eyes  are  much  more  frequently  the  location  of  nematode  parasites 
than  is  commonly  supposed. 

Since  the  literature  concerning  the  nematodes  parasitic  in  the  eyes 
of  birds  is  scattered  in  numerous  publications,  mostty  foreign  and  not 
generally  available,  it  is  believed  that  a  summary  of  our  knowledge 
concerning  them  will  be  found  useful.  Such  a  summary  seems  espe- 
cially desirable,  not  only  because  these  parasites  are  of  particular  inter- 
est in  the  present  connection,  but  because  a  resume  of  the  forms  in 
question  may,  in  the  first  place,  serve  to  direct  attention  to  a  neglected 
but  important  field,  and,  in  the  second  place,  afford  a  convenient  and 
readily  accessible  basis  of  reference.  The  following  review  includes 
practically  all  the  nematodes  which  have  been  reported  up  to  the 
present  time  from  the  eyes  of  birds.  The  synonymy  and  bibliography 
are  based  upon  the  card  catalogue  of  the  Zoological  Laboratory. 

LIST  OF   SPECIES,  WITH   SYNONYMY  AND  SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSES. 
GENUS  OXYSPIRTTRA  DRASCHE  (IN  STOSSICH,  1897). 

GENERIC  DIAGNOSIS. — FilariitUe:  Mouth  without  lips,  surrounded  by  two  lateral 
and  four  submedian  papillae.  Pharynx  present.  Membranous  alse  on  head  generally 
lacking.  Tail  usually  slender  and  acutely  pointed. 

Tail  of  male  without  bursal  membranes,  and  with  papillae.  Spicules  two,  unequal; 
one  long  and  filiform;  the  other  short  and  thick.  Vulva  as  a  rule  situated  in  the 
posterior  part  of  the  body,  a  short  distance  in  front  of  the  anus. 

TYPE  KPECiBs.—Oxyspiruracephaloptera  (Molin,  1860)  Stossich,  1897.  a 

oSee  nematode  check-list,  by  Stiles  &  Hassall  (MS.). 


HANSONS    EYE    WORM    OF    CHICKENS. 


21 


OXYSPIRURA    ANACANTHURA    (MoLIN,   1860)  STO8SICH,   1897. 

(Figs.  10,  11.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:  Spiroptcra  anacanthura  MOLIN,  1860,  pp.  966-967,  993.— DIESING,  1861a,  p.  678.— LINSTOW,  1878, 
p.  71.— IDEM,  1889,  p.  29.-  DRASCHE,  1884a,  pp.  203,  213,  pi.  14,  figs.  15,  16.— STOSSICH,  1897,  p. 
123  [as  synonym  of  Oxyspirura  anacanthura} . 

1860:  Spiroptera  crotophagse  ani  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  966  [as  synonym  of  S.  anacanthura] . 

1860:  Spiroptera  crotophagse  majoris  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  966  [as  synonym  of  S.  anacanthura;  not  S. 
crotophagse  majoris  Molin,  1860,  p.  940=S.  lanceolata  Molin]. 

1897:  Oxyspirura  anacanthura  (Molin,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  123-124,  148. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura:  Body  straight  and  slender,  gradually  attenuated 
toward  both  ends,  truncated  anteriorly  and  acutely  pointed  pos- 
teriorly without  mucronate  caudal  tip.  Head  with  two  voluminous 
lateral  cuticular  membranes.0  Mouth  large,  circular,  surrounded 
by  six  very  small  membranous  lobules,  and  four  submedian  papillse. 
Pharynx  short.  Cuticula  of  body  closely  striated  transversely. 

Male:  8  to  10  mm.  long  by  0.1  mm.  thick.  Caudal  extremity 
coiled  in  a  single  turn,  without  bursal  membranes;  two  pairs  of  (?) 
preanal  papilte,  and  a  variable  number  of  asymmetrically  arranged 
postanal  papillae,  up  to  as  many  as  five  pairs.  Spicules  two,  un- 
equal; right  spicule  short,  thick-set,  with  boat-shaped 
tip;  left  spicule  filiform,  acutely  pointed,  alate,  five 
times  as  long  as  the  right  spicule. 

Female:  11  to  13  mm.  long  by  0.2  mm.  thick. 
Vulva  prominent,  a  short  distance  anterior  of  anus. 

HABITAT. — Common  smooth-billed  ani,  Crotophaga 
ani;  under  nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin, 
1860). — Greater  ani,  Crotophaga  major;  under  nictitat- 
ing membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

Molin  (1860,  p.  966)  based  this  species  on 
nine  males  and  two  females  from  Crotophaga 
ani  collected  by  Natterer  in  1829,  and  four 
males  and  six  females  from  C.  major  col- 
lected by  Natterer  in  1825.  All  but  three 
were  well  preserved  and  perfect^  trans- 
parent. The  original  material  was  reexam- 
ined  by  Drasche  (1884a). 


0   o 


FIG.  10.— Oxyspi- 
rura anacan- 
thura. Poste- 
rior end  of 
male.  x  60. 
(Haines  del., 
after  Drasche, 
1884a,  pi.  14,  fig. 
15.) 


FIG.  11.— Oxy- 
spirura ana- 
cant  hur  a . 
Right  spi- 
cule. x  280. 
(Haines  del., 
afterDrasche, 
1884a,  pi.  14, 
fig.  16.) 


[?OXYSPIRURA]  ANOLABIATA  (MOLIN,  1860)  RANSOM,  1904. 

(Fig.  12.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:  Spiroptcra  anolabiata    MOLIN,    1860,    pp.   981,  992.— LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  124.— IDEM,  1889,  p.  47. 
— DRASCHE,  1884a,  p.  206,  pi.  12,  fig.  23. — STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  51  [as  synonym  of  FUaria  anolabiata}. 
1860:  Spiroptera  cracis  alectoris  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  981  [as  synonym  of  S.  anolabiata]. 
1897:  FUaria  anolabiata  (Molin,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  51,  149. 
1904:  [?  Oxyspirura]  anolabiata  (Molin,  1860)  RANSOM,  1904,  p.  21. 

a  Molin  (1860,  p.  966)  describes  four  membranes  on  the  head  arranged  in  the  form 
of  a  cross,  but  Drasche  (1884a,  p.  203) ,  who  examined  Molin's  original  material,  failed 
to  find  this  structure. 


22 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Oxyspirura: 

Male:  Unknown. 

Female:  8  to  17  mm.  long  by  0.4  mm.  thick.  Anterior  end  of  body  abruptly 
attenuated  with  truncated  apex.  Cuticular  rings  with 
sharply  cut  posterior  border  encircle  the  body.  Mouth 
large,  surrounded  by  six  small  lips  or  lobes,  two  lateral 
and  four  submedian.  In  relation  with  each  lip  is  a 
finger-like  process  extending  inward  from  the  periph- 
ery of  the  head.  These  processes  divide  the  annular 
border  of  the  mouth  into  six  lobes.  Mouth  opens 
into  a  broad  short  pharynx.  Tail  straight,  abruptly 
conical,  with  blunt  curved  tip.  Position  of  vulva  not 
determined. 

HABITAT. — Spix     curassow,     Orax    fasdolata;     under 
nictitating  membrane  and  free  in  the  eye;  Brazil  (Molin, 
1860). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  upon  specimens  of  five  females,  collected  by 
Natterer  in  1825  and  1827.  It  was  listed  with  species  inquirendde  by 
Molin,  on  account  of  the  lack  of  specimens  of  the  male. 
The  original  material  was  reexamined  by  Drusche 
(1884a).  It  is  very  probable  that  this  species  belongs 
in  the  genus  Oxyspirura.  There  is  a  striking  similarity 
between  the  figure  (fig.  12)  given  by  Drasche  (1884a), 
and  the  head  of  Oxyspirura  Mansoni  (fig.  3). 


FIG.  12. — [?  Oxyspirura]  anola- 
liata.  Lateral  view  of  head, 
x  280.  (Haines  del.,  after 
Drasche,  1884a,  pi.  12,  fig.  23.) 


[? OXYSPIRURA]  BREVIPENIS  (MOLIN,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897. 
(Fig.  13.) 


00 


SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:  Spiroptera  brevipenis  MOLIN,  I860,  pp.  921,  991.— DIESING,  1861a,  p.  676.— 
LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  137.— IDEM,  1889,  p.  51.— DRASCHE,  1884a,  pp.  194,  218, 
pi.  14,  fig.  14.— STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  126  [as  synonym  of  Oxyspirura 
brevipenis} . 

1860:  Spiroptera  microdactyli  maryravii  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  921  [as  synonym  of  Spirop- 

tera  brevipenis] . 
1897:  Oxyspirura  brevipenis  (Molin,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  126,  150. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS.—  1  Oxyspirura:  Body  straight,  slender,  fili- 
form. Anterior  extremity  attenuated  with  truncated  apex. 
Mouth  large,  orbicular,  without  lips  or  papilke.  Pharynx  absent. 

Male:  16  to  22  mm.  long  by  0.4  mm.  thick.  Tail  coiled  in  two 
turns,  bodkin-shaped  with  sharp  point,  and  without  bursal  mem- 
branes; six  pairs  of  preanal  and  six  pairs  of  postanal  papillae, 
the  latter  inconstant  in  number  and  asymmetrical  in  arrangement. 
Spicules  two,  nearly  equal,  very  short,  curved,  saber-like. 

Female:  11  to  27  mm.  long  byO.l  to  0.5  mm.  thick.  Tail  straight, 
slender,  conical,  with  thickened  tip.  Anus  remote  from  caudal 
tip.  Vulva  near  anus,  prominent,  with  swollen  posterior  lip. 

HABITAT. — DicholophtU  mtirgruvi [  =  seriema,   Cariama  cristata];  under  nictitating 
membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). 

TYPK  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

Molin  (1860,  p.  921)  based  his  description  of  this  species  on  seven- 
teen male  and  twenty-one  female  specimens,  collected  by  Natterer  in 


FIG.  13.—  ['Oryxpi- 
rura]  brci'ipenis. 
Posterior  end  of 
male,  x  GO. 
(Haines  del., 
after  Drasche, 
1884a,  pi.  14,  fig. 
14.) 


HANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  23 

1824,  all  well   preserved   and   perfectly  transparent.     The  original 
material  was  redescribed  by  Drasche  (1884a). 

The  absence  of  a  pharynx,  and  the  occurrence  of  short,  nearly  equal 
spicules  makes  it  very  doubtful  whether  this  species  can  be  classed  in 
the  genus  Oxyspirura. 

OXYSPIRURA   BREVISUBULATA    (MoLIN,  1860)    STOSSICH,  1897. 

SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:  Spiroptera  brevi&abulata  MOLIN,  1860,  pp.  959-960,  998.— DIESING,  1861a,  p.  677.— DRASCHE,  1884a, 
pp.  201-202.— LIXSTOW,  1889,  p.  40.— PARONA,  1889,  p.  775.— STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  124  [as  synonym 
of  Oxyspirura  brevisubulala] . 

1860:  Spiroptera  strigis  N.  16  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  960  [as  synonym  of  Spiroptera  brevisubulata;  not  Spiroptera 
strigis  Rudolphi,  1819,  p.  28;  not  S.  strigis  N.  16  Molin,  I860,  p.  939 =.S.  penihamata], 

1878:  Spiroptera  brevissubulata  (Molin,  1860)  LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  105  [misprint  for  Spiroptera  brevisubu- 
lata} . 

1897:  Oxyspirura  brevisubulata  (Molin,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  124. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura:  Body  filiform,  gradually  attenuated  anteriorly 
with  truncated  apex;  two  lateral  cervical  spines  directed  backward.  Cuticula 
raised  from  the  body  between  the  head  and  cervical  papillae  forming  a  bladder-like 
expansion  on  either  side.«  Mouth  hexagonal,  without  lips,  surrounded  by  two 
lateral  and  four  submedian  papillte. 

Male:  15  mm.  long  by  0.3  mm.  thick.  Tail  coiled  in  two  turns,  short,  abruptly 
subulate,  with  acute  point.  Bursa  absent;  four  pairs  preanal  and  (?)  eight  pairs 
postanal  papilla?.  Spicules  two,  unequal;  right  spicule  short  and  thick;  left  spicule 
filiform  and  twice  as  long  as  the  right. 

Female:  21  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick.  Tail  short,  subulate,  with  acute  point. 
Anus  remote  from  caudal  tip.  Vulva  very  prominent,  a  short  distance  anterior  of 
the  anus. 

HABITAT. — Strix  atricapilla  [= Brazilian  screech  owl,  Otus  cholibd] ;  under  nictitating 
membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  on  specimens  of  two  males  and  one  female, 
badly  preserved  and  opaque,  collected  by  Natterer  in  1826  (Molin, 
1860,  p.  960).  The  original  material  was  redescribed  by  Drasche 
(1884a). 

OXYSPIRURA  CEPHALOPTERA  (MOLIN,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897. 

(Figs.  14,15.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:  Spiroptera  cephaloptera  MOLIN,  1860,  pp.  956-957,  994,  997— DIESING,  1861a,  p.  68f>  [as  synonym  of 
Cheilospirura  ccphaloptcn^.—LiKsmw,  1878,  pp.  73,  97.— IDEM,  1889,  p.  30.— DRASCHE,  1884a, 
p.  213  [as  synonym  of  Cheilospirura  cephaloptera]. — STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  124  [as  synonym  of  Oxys- 
pirura cephaloptera] . 

1860:  Spiroptera  momoti  brasiliensis  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  957  [as  synonym  of  »<?.  cephaloptera]. 

1860:  Spiroptera  orioli  N.  642  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  957  [as synonym  of  S.  cephaloptera]. 

1861:  Cheilospirura  cephaloptera  (Molin,  1860)  DIESING,  1861a,  p.  686.— DRASCHE,  1884a,  p.  212,  pi.  11, 
fig.  22,  pi.  14,  fig.  17.— STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  124  [as synonym  of  Otyspirura  cephaloptera]. 

1897:  Oxyspirura  cephaloptera  (Molin,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  124-125, 145,  147. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura:  Body  gradually  attenuated  anteriorly,  with 
rounded  apex;  tail  awl-shaped,  drawn  out  into  a  slender  acute  point.  Cuticula 

«  Drasche  (1884a,  p.  202),  who  examined  Molin's  original  material,  failed  to  find 
the  four  membranous  ahe  on  the  head  mentioned  by  the  latter  author. 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


FIG.  14. — Oxyspirura  cephal- 
oplera.  Anterior  view  of 
head,  x  470.  (Hainesdel., 
after  Drasche,  1884a,  pi.  11, 
fig-  22.) 


densely  striated  transversely.  Head  with  membranous  alae  dilated  and  rounded  ante- 
riorly. Mouth  hexagonal  surrounded  by  a  membranous  border,  and  two  lateral  and 
four  submedian  papillae.  Lips  absent.0 

Male:  13  to  15  mm.  long  by  0.2  mm.  thick.  Tail  coiled  twice.  Bursa  absent; 
seven  pairs  preanal  and  six  pairs  postanal  papillae,  the 
latter  more  or  less  inconstant  and  asymmetrical.  Spicules 
two,  unequal;  right  spicule  short,  thick,  navicular,  with 
blunt  rounded  tip;  left  spicule  filiform,  pointed,  alate,  five 
times  as  long  as  the  right. 

Female:  10  to  13  mm.  long  by  0.3  mm.  thick.     Anus  re- 
mote from  tip  of  tail.     Position  of  vulva  not  determined. 
HABITAT. — Momotus    brasiliensis    [— motmot,    Momotus 
momota'];  under    nictitating  membrane;    Brazil    (Molin, 
1860). — Orange-backed  troupial,  Icterus  croconotus;  under 
nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

The  original  description  (Molin,  1860,  pp.  956-957)  is  based  on  three 
males  well  preserved,  and  eight  females  badly  preserved,  collected  by 
Natterer  from  Momotus  brasiliensis  in  1834,  and  two 
males  well  preserved  and  a  fragment  collected  by  Nat- 
terer from  Icterus  croconotus  in  1824.  The  original 
material  was  reexamined  by  Drasche  (1884a). 

[?  OXYSPIRURA]  HETEROCLITA  (MOLIN,  1860)  RANSOM,  1904. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:  Spiroptera  heteroclita  MOLIN,  1860,  pp.  944-945,  992.— DIESING,  1861a,  p.  677.— 

LlNSTOW,  1878,  p.  124.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  115,  149. 
1860:  Spiroptera  cracis  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  944  [as  synonym  of  S.  heteroclita;  not  S. 

cram  N.  of  Molin,  1860,  p.  983,  as  synonym  of  S.  tenuicauda] . 
1904:  [?  Oxyspirura]  heteroclita  (Molin,  1860)  RANSOM,  1904,  p.  24. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Oxyspirura:  Body  attenuated  anteriorly 
with  truncated  apex.  Cuticula  finely  striated  transversely.  Mouth 
orbicular,  large,  without  lips. 

Male:  12  mm.  long  by  0.3  mm.  thick.  Head  without  mem- 
branes. Tail  awl-shaped,  sharply  pointed,  curved  into  a  hook, 
without  bursal  membranes.  Two  pairs  postanal  papillae.  Spicules 
two,  unequal;  short  spicule  thick  with  curved  point;  long  spicule 
filiform,  half  as  long  as  body. 

Female:  15  mm.  long  by  0.4  mm.  thick.  Head  with  four  short, 
semilunar  membranes,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  Tail  grad- 
ually attenuated,  awl-shaped,  with  obtuse  apex.  Aniis  remote 
from  tip.  Position  of  vulva  not  determined. 

HABITAT. — Crax  urumutum  [=urumutu,  Nothocrax  urumutum}; 
under  nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 


FIG.  15. — Oxyspi- 
rura cephaloptcra. 
Posterior  end  of 
male,  x  120. 
(Haines  del., 
after  Drasche, 
1884a,  pi.  14,  fig. 
17.) 


This  species  is  based  on  one  male  and  one  female, 
well  preserved,  collected  by  Natterer  in  1834  (Molin,  1860,  p.  945). 
So  far  as  may  be  determined  from  Molin's  incomplete  description  this 
species  seems  to  belong  in  Oxyspirura. 

^According  to  Drasche  (1884a,  p.  212);  but  Molin  (1860,  p.  956)  mentions  two  large 
rounded  lips. 


HANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  25 

OXYSPIRURA  MANSONI  (COBBOLD,  1879)  RANSOM,  1904. 

(Figs.  1-9.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY.  , 

1879:  FUaria  Mansoni  COBBOLD,  1879b,  pp.  440-441  [not  FUaria  Mawoni  Huber,  1896,  pp.  604,  620,  nsed 
as  synonym  of  F.  sanguinis  hominis  and  of  Trichina  cystica  Salisbury.— SIMON,  1897,  p.  97, 
copies  Huber,  1896,  p.  604].— IDEM,  1880k,  p.  131.— MAG  ALII  A  ES,  1888,  pp.  5-12,  figs.  1-6.— IDEM 
1895,  pp.  241-244.— NEUMANN,  1888,  p.  648.— IDEM,  1892  [French  ed.],  p.  735.— IDEM,  1892  [Eng., 
ed.],  p.  759.— LINSTOW,  1889,  p.  46.— RAILLIET,  1893,  p.  633.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  35,  149.— 
GEDOELST,  1903a,  p.  47.— IDEM,  1903a,  p.  90  [as  synonym  of  Spiroptera  Mansoni]. 

190];  Spiroptera  Emmerczii  EMMEREZ  &  MEGNIN,  1901a,  pp.  933-935,  figs.  A-E. 

1903:  Spiroptera  Mansoni  (Cobbold,  1879)  GEDOELST,  1903,  pp.  90,  103. 

1903:  Spiroptera  Emmcrczi  (Emmerez  &  Mi'gnin,  1901)  GEDOELST,  1903,  p.  48. — IDEM,  1903a,  p.  90  [as 
synonym  of  Spiroptera  Mansoni] . 

1904:  Oxyspirura  Mansoni  (Cobbold,  1879)  RANSOM,  1904,  pp.  7-20,  25. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura:  Body  attenuated  at  both  ends,  anterior  end 
rounded,  posterior  end  pointed.  Cuticula  smooth.  Membranous  appendages  absent 
in  both  sexes.  A  pair  of  small  cervical  papilla?  350  to  400  //  from  anterior  end,  and 
a  pair  of  small  papillae  near  tip  of  tail  in  both  sexes.  Mouth  circular,  surrounded 
by  a  six-lobed  chitinous  ring;  two  lateral  and  four  submedian  papillae  in  relation  with 
the  clefts  between  the  lobes  of  ring;  four  sublateral  papillae  slightly  more  posterior. 
Excretory  pore  in  ventral  line  at  about  the  level  of  cervical  papillae.  Nerve  ring 
between  excretory  pore  and  anterior  end  of  body,  about  250  n  from  latter.  Pharynx 
40  to  60  /*  long;  the  shorter,  wider,  anterior  portion,  15  to  25  //  long  by  25  to  30  n 
wide,  separated  by  a  slight  constriction  from  the  longer  narrower  posterior  portion, 
25  to  30  ^i  long  by  20  to  25  n  wide.  Esophagus  club-shaped,  about  1.5  mm.  long. 
Intestine  almost  straight. 

Male:  10  to  16  mm.  long  by  0.35  mm.  thick.  Tail  curved  ventrally.  Bursal  mem- 
branes lacking.  Cloacal  opening  320  to  400  /<  from  tip  of  tail.  Two  pairs  postanal 
and  four  pairs  preanal  papillae.  Spicules  two,  unequal;  one  long  and  slender,  3  to 
3.5  mm.  long  by  8  to  10  /*  in  diameter;  the  other  short  and  thick,  200  to  220  p  long 
by  30  n  in  diameter. 

Female:  12  to  18  mm.  long  by  0.43  thick.  Anus  400  to  530  /*  from  tip  of  tail. 
Vulva  in  posterior  part  of  body,  1  to  1.4  mm.  from  tip  of  tail.  Uterus  and  ovary 
double;  vagina  measures  1.5  to  2  mm.  long.  Eggs  oval,  50  by  40  n  to  65  by  45  /*  in 
diameter. 

LIFE  HISTORY. — Unknown.  Embryos  hatch  in  two  or  three  days  after  eggs  are 
deposited,  measure  225  to  250  p.  in  length  by  12  fj.  in  thickness,  with  esophagus  50  fj. 
long. 

HABITAT. — Chicken,  Gallus  domesticus;  under  nictitating  membrane;  Amoy, 
China  (Cobbold,  1879b);  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil  (Magalhaes,  1888);  Mauritius 
(Emmerez  &  M£gnin,  1901a);  Laughlands,  Jamaica,  and  Key  West,  Fla.  (Ransom, 
1904). — Peafowl,  Pavo  cristatus;  under  nictitating  membrane;  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil 
(Magalhaes,  1888). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — [?].  Above  diagnosis  based  on  B.  A.  I.  specimens  Nos.  3182 
and  3257. 

This  species  is  based  on  specimens  of  both  sexes  collected  by  Manson 
from  chickens  at  Amoy,  China  (Cobbold,  1879b),  but  not  described 
except  as  to  length.  Specimens  collected  and  described  by  Magalhaes 
(1888)  in  Brazil  from  chickens  and  peacock  have  been  compared 
(Magalhaes,  1895)  with  specimens  collected  by  Manson  and  found  to 
be  of  the  same  species  as  the  latter. 


26 


BUKEAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


OXYSPIRURA    OPHTHALMICA    (LlNSTOW,   1903)    RANSOM,   1904. 

(Figs.  16-18.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1903:  CheUospirura  ophthalmica  LINSTOW,  1903,  p.  Ill,  pi.  5,  figs.  7-9. 
1904:  Oxyspirura  ophthalmica  (Linstow,  1903)  RANSOM,  1904,  p.  26. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura:  Cuticula  finely  striated  transversely.      Mouth 
surrounded  by   two    lateral    and    four  submedian  papilla?.      Pharynx    short   and 


FIG.  17. — Oxyspirura  ophthalmica.  Posterior 
end  of  male.  Side  view.  Enlarged. 
(Haines  del.,  after  Linstow,  1903,  pi.  5, 
fig.  8.) 


FIG.  16. — Oxyspirura  ophthalmica. 
Head.  Enlarged.  (Haines  del., 
after  Linstow,  1903,  pi.  5.  fig.  7.) 

widened  posteriorly.  Esopha- 
gus, in  male  ^,  in  female 
the  length  of  the  body,  is  thick- 
ened behind  and  broader  than 
the  beginning  of  the  intestine. 
Nerve  ring  0.21  to  0.22  mm. 
from  the  anterior  end.  Lateral 
fields  0.042  mm.  broad,  i.  e., 
about  ^  the  circumference  of 
the  body;  each  contains  an  ex- 
cretory vessel,  0.0028  mm.  in 

diameter,  visible  through  the  cuticula.     Excretory  pore  in  ventral  line 
0.40  mm.  from  the  anterior  end  in  the  male,  0.44  mm.  in  the  female. 

Male:  14.4  mm.  long  by  0.31  mm.  in  Avidth.  The  conical,  finely 
pointed  tail  equals  ^  of  the  entire  body  length.  The  two  unequal 
spicules  measure  0.18  and  0.29  mm.  in  length.  One  pair  of  preanal 
papillae,  and  about  twenty-six  pairs  of  postanal  papillae  decreasing 
gradually  in  size  toward  the  anus  are  present.  Testicle  occupies  only 
about  the  posterior  £  of  the  body. 

Female:  21  mm.  long  by  0.53  mm.  in  width.  Tail  conical,  equal  in  length  to  -fa  of 
the  entire  body.  Uteri  occupy  the  posterior  f  of  the  body.  Vulva  near  posterior 
end,  dividing  the  body  in  the  ratio  of  102  to  5.  Vagina  runs  anteriorly  from  vulva; 
0.4  mm.  from  the  latter  divides  into  two  uteri.  Eggs  thick-shelled,  0.039  mm.  long 
by  0.026  mm.  broad;  cleavage  takes  place  in  the  uterus. 

HABITAT. — Indian  bustard-quail,  Turnix  taigoor;  eye;  Siam  (Linstow,  1903). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS.—?  In  collection  Linstow. 

This  species  is  based  on  specimens  received  from  A.  E.  Shipley  by 
Linstow  (1903,  p.  111). 

Linstow  classified  the  species  under  discussion  in  the  genus  Cheilo- 
spirura,  evidently  because  of  the  similarity  between  it  and  Oxyspirura 
cephaloptera  ( =  Cheilospirura  cephalopterd).  Such  an  arrangement 
seems,  however,  entirely  untenable,  unless  it  be  also  held  that  cephal- 
optera, one  of  the  original  species  of  Oxyspirura,  is  the  type  species 


FIG.  18.— Oxy- 
spirura oph- 
thalmica. 
Transverse 
section 
through  the 
lateral  field 
of  body 
wall.  En- 
larged. 
(Haines 
del.,  after 
Linstow, 
1903,  pi.  5, 
fig.  9.) 


MANSON  8    EYE    WORM    OF    CHICKENS. 


27 


of  Cheilospirura,  with  which  genus  it  was  listed  by  Diesing.  In  the 
original  publication  of  the  genus,  Diesing  (1861a,  pp.  683-686),  without 
definitely  designating  a  type,  defines  the  group  as  consisting  of  Spi- 
ropterse  spec,  bilabiatse  Molin,  and  includes  eight  species,  the  last  of 
which  in  the  list  is  a  species  inquirenda,  and  the  next  to  the  last 
cephaloptera. 

Since  the  chief  character  upon  which  Diesing  founded  the  genus  is 
the  presence  of  two  lips,  it  is  not  only  desirable  but  practically  impera- 
tive, other  things  being  equal,  to  confine  the  choice  of  a  type  to  such 
species  as  present  this  character.  Although  Molin  (1860)  mentions 
two  large  rounded  lips,  Drasche  (1884a),  who  made  a  study  of  the 
material  upon  which  Molin  based  the  original  description,  states  that 
the  species  cepJialoptera  is  without  lips.  Of  the  six  remaining  species, 
five  are  characterized  by  the  possession  of  two  lips.  One  of  the  latter 
should  therefore  be  selected  as  type  rather  than  cephaloptera  which 
seems  to  be  without  lips. 

Unless  cephaloptera  be  taken  as  type  of  Cheilospirura,  which  has 
been  shown  to  be  virtually  out  of  the  question,  the  inclusion  of 
Oocyspimra  in  Cheilospirura  would  result  in 
grouping  together  forms  which,  according  to 
present  generally  accepted  ideas,  vary  too  widely 
to  rank  in  the  same  genus,  and  I  therefore  prefer 
to  recognize  two  distinct  genera.  The  species 
ophthalmica,  as  well  as  the  species  siam.ensis,  of 
Linstow,  I  have  accordingly  transferred  to  the 
genus  Oxyspirura. 

[?OXYSPIRURA]  PAPILLOSA  ( MOLIN,  1860)  KANSOM,  1904. 

(Figs.  19,20.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:    Spiroptera  papillosa   MOLIN,    1860, 

pp.  929-930,  998.— DIESING,  1861a, 

p.  676.— LINSTOW,  1878,  pp.  110, 

115.— IDEM,  1889,  p.  41.— DRASCHE, 

1884a,  p.  195,  pi.  12,  fig.  20;  pi.  13, 

fig.  7.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  95,  141. 
1860:  Spiroptera  falcon  is  Icptoporlis  MOLIN, 

1860.   p.  930   [as  synonym  of  N. 

papillosa] . 
I860:  Spiroptera    falconis     gavial    rcalis 

MOLIN,  1860,  p.  930  [as  synonym 

of  S.  papillosa] . 
1860:  Spiroptera  falconis  MOLIN,  1860,  p. 

930;  S.  falconis  N.  872  MOLIN,  1860, 

p.  930  [as  synonyms  of  .V.  papil- 
losa;   not  S.  falconis  Rudolphi. 
1819,  pp.  28,  254-255;  not  S.  falconis  N.  698,  S.  falconis  N.  11  Molin,  1860,  p.  494,  as  synonyms  of 
Dispharagus  rectits  Molin]. 
1904:  [?Oxyspirura]  papillosa  (Molin,  1860)  RANSOM,  1904,  p.  27. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — tOxyspirura:  Anterior  end  of  body  abruptly  attenuated  with 
very  obtuse  rounded  apex.  Surface  of  body  crenated  with  dense  cuticular  annu- 
lations.  Neck  armed  with  rows  of  very  delicate  spines  directed  backward,  each  row 


FIG.  19. — pOxyspirura]  pa- 
pillosa. Anterior  view  of 
head,  x  280.  (Hainea 
del.,  after  Drasche,  1884a, 
pi.  12,  fig.  20.) 


FIG.  20.—  poryfpirura]  pa- 
pittosa.  Posterior  end  of 
male,  x  120.  (Haines 
del.,  after  Drasche, 
1884a,  pi.  13,  fig.  7.) 


28 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


corresponding  to  a  cuticular  ring.  Mouth  large,  orbicular,  with  tumid  border.  Lips 
absent;  two  lateral  and  four  submedian  head  papillae. 

Male:  8  to  20  mm.  long  by  0.3  mm.  thick.  Tail  of  male  more  attenuated  than 
anterior  end,  with  very  obtuse  rounded  tip,  only  slightly  curved;  four  pairs  of  small 
preanal  papillae  situated  far  forward  (according  to  Molin,  seven  pairs  of  preanal 
papillae)  and  two  pairs  of  postanal  papillae.  Spicules  two,  unequal;  right  spicule 
very  short  and  broad  with  blunt  point;  left  spicule  six  times  as  long  as  the  right, 
slender,  filiform,  alate. 

Female:  15  to  26  mm.  long  by  0.3  to  0.5  mm.  thick.  Tail  gradually  attenuated 
with  rounded  obtuse  tip.  Anus  remote  from  caudal  tip,  prominent,  with  bilabiate 
tumid  border.  Vulva  in  anterior  part  of  body  not  far  posterior  of  the  mouth. 

HABITAT. — Falco  destructor  [=harpy  eagle,  Thrasaetus  harpyia};  under  nictitating 
membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). — Falco  gracilis[=gra.y  crane  hawk,  Geranospizias 
cserulescens];  under  nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  on  specimens  described  by  Molin  (1860,  p.  930) 
and  reexamined  by  Drasche  (1884a,  p.  195).  Of  these,  5  females  were 
collected  by  Natterer  in  1833,  6  females  in  1834,  and  8  males  and  12 
females  in  1833,  all  from  Falco  destructor,  and  2  males  and  1  female 
in  1826  from  Falco  gracilis.  The  characters  given  agree  in  the  main 

with  those  typical  of  Oxyspi- 
rura, and  the  species  may  be 
referred  provisionally  to  that 
genus. 

OXYSPIRURA  SIAMENSIS  (LlNSTOW,  1903) 
KANSOM,  1904. 

(Fig.  21.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1903:  Cheilospirura  siamensis  LINSTOW,  1903,  p. 
112?  pi.  5,  fig.  10. 

1804:  Oxyspirura  siamensis  (Linstow,  1903)  RAN- 
SOM, 1904,  p.  28. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Oxyspirura:  Cut- 
icula  very  finely  striated  transversely. 
Pharynx  small.     Esophagus,  in   male 
yV,  in  female  y1^,  of  the  entire  body 
length,  is  widened  behind  to  a  diameter 
somewhat  greater  than  that  of  the  in- 
testine.    Nerve  ring  situated  T2o%,   ex- 
cretory pore  yVo)  of  the  length  of  the 
esophagus  from  the  anterior  end  of  the 
body.     Posterior  portion  of  esophagus 
separated  from   remainder  by  a  con- 
striction.    Tail  conical.     Sexual  organs  lie  in  posterior  half  of  body  in  both  sexes. 
Male:  8.9  mm.  long  by  0.26  mm.  broad.     Tail,  curved  ventrally,  equals  ^  of  the 
entire  body  length.     Two  unequal  spicules  0.47  and  0.25  mm.  long.     About  twenty- 
eight  pairs  preanal  papillae  becoming  gradually  smaller  anteriorly. 

Female:  9.8  mm.  long  by  0.46  mm.  broad.  Tail  equals  J7  of  the  entire  body  length. 
Vulva  opens  a  short  distance  anterior  of  anus,  0.62  mm.  from  tip  of  tail.  Vagina 
runs  anteriorly  from  vulva  and  0.26  mm.  from  latter  divides  into  two  uteri. 

HABITAT. — Centropus    siamensis    [= Indian    ground    cuckoo,    Centropus   sinensis]; 
probably  from  the  eye;  Siam  (Linstow,  1903). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — ?  In  collection  Linstow. 


FIG.  21. — Oxyxpirura  xinmensis.  Posterior  end  of 
male.  Side  view.  Enlarged.  (Haines  del.,  after 
Linstow,  1903,  pi.  5,  fig.  10.) 


HANSONS    EYE    WORM    OF    CHICKENS. 


29 


This  species  is  based  on  specimens  received  by  Linstow  (1903)  from 
A.  E.  Shipley.  I  have  placed  this  species  in  Oaeyaptru/ra  for  reasons 
given  in  the  discussion  of  Oxyspirura  ophthalmica  (see  p.  26). 

[?  OXYSPIRURA]  STEREURA  (RUDOLPHI,  1819)  RANSOM,  1904. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1819:  Spinjptera  stcreura  RUDOLPHI,  1819,  pp.  23,  237,  555.— WESTRUMB,  1821,  p.  69.— RAYER,  1843,  p. 
145.— GURLT,  1845a,  p.  246.— DujARDiN,  1845n,  pp.  52,  93.— DiESiN-;,  lS51a,  p.  212.— IDEM,  1861a, 
p.  678.— MOLIN,  18(iO,  pp.  967,  999.— SCHNEIDER,  1866,  pp.  73,  108  [as  probably  belonging  in 
Ceratospira].— LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  113.— STOSSICH,  1889,  p.  183.— IDEM,  1897,  pp.  119-120,  142. 

1904:  [?  Ojyspirura]  stcreura  (Rudolphi,  1819)  RANSOM,  1904,  p.  29. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Oxyspirura:  Body  slightly  curved,  thick,  attenuated  ante- 
riorly with  truncated  apex.  Cuticula  annulated  with  numerous  small  campanulifonn 
folds.  Head  without  membranous  appendages.  Mouth  orbicular  without  lips. 

Male:  12  to  15  mm.  long  by  0.8  mm.  thick.  Tail  coiled  once  spirally,  without 
bursal  membranes.  Tip  extended  into  a  short  appendage  with  knob-like  end. 
Spicules  two,  unequal;  short  spicule,  stylo'd  with  very  acute  point;  long  spicule, 
filiform.  More  than  four  pairs  of  preanal  papilla?  (Schneider,  1866,  p.  108). 

Female:  12  to  17  mm.  long  by  1  mm.  thick;  2  lateral  cervical  spines.  Tail  acutely 
conical,  tip  prolonged  into  a  styloid  appendage,  with  rounded  knob-like  extremity. 
Anus  at  base  of  appendage.  (?)  Vulva  in  anterior  part  of  body. 

HABITAT. — Falco  naevius  [=Aquila  nicma  =  spotted  eagle,  Aquila  maculata] ;  under 
nictitating  membrane  and  in  auditory  meatus;  Vienna  (Ru- 
dolphi, 1819);  orbit;  Croatia  (Stossich,  1889). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — ?  In  Berlin  or  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  on  1  male  and  1  female 
specimen  from  the  collection  of  the  Vienna  Mu- 
seum (Rudolphi,  1819,  p.  237).  Specimens  of  2 
males  and  4  females  in  the  same  collection  were 
examined  by  Molin  (1860,  p.  967)  and  Rudolphi's 
original  description  added  to.  The  characters 
given  seem  to  warrant  a  provisional  classification 
in  the  genus  Oxyspirura. 

OXYSPIRURA  SYGMOIDEA  (MOLIN,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897. 

(Fig.  22.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1851:  Spiroptcra  anthuris  RUDOLPHI,  1819,  of  DIESING,  1851a,  p.  215   [in 

part].— MOLIN,  1860,  p.  920  [in  part;  as  synonym  of  Xpiroptera 

sygmoidca] . 
1860:  Spiroptcra    sygmoidca   MOLIN,  1860,  pp.   920,  995.— DIESING,  1861a, 

p.  676.— DRASCHE,   1884a,  pp.  194,  213,  pi.  13,  fig.  3.— STOSSICH, 

1897,  p.  125  [as  synonym  of  Oxyspirura  sygmoidea] . 
1878:  Spiroptera  sygmoides  LIXSTOW,  1878,  p.  100  [misprint  for  SpiropUra 

sygmoidca].— iD^yi,  1889,  p.  38. 
1878:  Filaria  anthuris  LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  100  [not  Filaria  anthuris.  (Rud.) 

Schneider,  1866,  p.  96]. 
1897:  Oxyspirura  sygmoidea  (Molin,  1860)  STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  125,  146. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS.— Oxyspirura:  Body  sygmoidal,  attenuated  at  both  ends, 
truncated  anteriorly,  slender  and  acutely  pointed  posteriorly.  Cuticula  finely 
striated  transversely.  Mouth  large,  orbicular,  without  lips;  four  submedian  head- 
papillae. 


FIG.  22. — Oxyspirura  syg- 
moidca. Posterior  end 
of  male,  x  120.  (Haiues 
del.,  after  Drasche, 
1884a,  pi.  13,  fig.  3.) 


30 


BUEEAU    OF    ANIMAL    TNDUSTEY. 


Male:  11  mm.  long  by  0.4  mm.  thick.  Tail  coiled  in  two  turns,  without  bursa, 
four  pairs  postanal  papillae;  papillae  of  third  pair  (counting  from  behind)  laterad  of 
the  others.  Preanal  papillae  apparently  absent.  Spicules  two,  unequal;  right 
spicule  short,  thick,  somewhat  curved,  with  very  blunt  point;  left  spicule,  filiform, 
pointed,  alate,  2\  times  as  long  as  the  right. 

Female:  11  to  15  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick.  Anus  a  transverse  slit,  some  distance 
from  tip  of  tail.  Position  of  vulva  not  determined. 

HABITAT. — Rook,  Corvus frugilegus;  orbital  cavity;  Vienna  (Diesing,  1851a). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  on  1  male  and  3  females,  specimens  perfectly 
transparent  (Molin,  1860,  p.  920).  The  original  material  was  reexam- 
ined  by  Drasche  (1884a,  p.  194). 

GENUS  CERATOSPIRA  SCHNEIDER,  1866. 

GENERIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidae:  Mouth  surrounded  by 
papillae.  Pharynx  present.  Tail  of  male  with  bursa  and 
ten  or  more  papillae.  Spicules  two,  unequal.  Vulva  in 
anterior  part  of  body.  Viviparous. 

TYPE  SPECIES. — Ceratospira  vesiculosa  Schneider,  1866. 

CERATOSPIRA  VESICULOSA  SCHNEIDER,  1866. 

(Fig.  23.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1866:  Ceratospira  vesiculosa  SCHNEIDER,  1866,  p.  109,  1  fig.— LINSTOW, 
1878,  p.  68. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Ceratospira:  Head  rounded,  with 
(?)  papillae.  Mouth  opens  into  a  short  pharynx.  Cuticula 
marked  by  widely  separated  annulations  with  sharp  pro- 
jecting edges. 

Male:  20  mm.  long.  Tail  rolled  spirally.  Bursa  pres- 
ent with  thick  vesicular  borders.  Papillae  asymmetrical, 
eleven  on  one  side,  twelve  on  the  other;  one  pair  posterior 
of  the  anus  near  the  tip  of  the  tail;  three  pairs  forming  a 
group  on  either  side  of  the  anus.  The  remaining,  7  on 
one  side  and  8  on  the  other,  are  situated  at  unequal  inter- 
vals in  front  of  the  anus.  Spicules  two,  unequal;  one  very 
short,  cornet-shaped,  the  other  very  slender,  over  3  mm. 
long. 

Female:  ?  Length  (specimen  incomplete).     Tail  rounded. 

Vulva  in  anterior  part  of  l>ody,  near  the  end  of  the  esophagus.     Vagina  runs  pos- 
teriad  from  vulva.     Viviparous. 

HABITAT. — Psittacus  sinensis  [=  red-sided  eclectus,  Eclectus  pecloraiis];  orbital  cav- 
ity; zoological  garden,  Berlin  (Schneider,  1866). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS — ?  In  Berlin  Museum. 

CERATOSPIRA  OPHTHALMICA  (LINSTOW,  1898)  RANSOM,  1904. 

(Figs.  24,25.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1898:  Ancyracanthus  ophthalmicus  LINSTOW,  1898,  pp.  285-286,  pi.  22,  figs.  11-12. 
1904:  Ceratoxpira  ophthalmica  (Llnstow,  1398)  RANSOM,  1904,  p.  30. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Ceratospira:  Head  with  a  circle  of  six  papillae;  pharynx  wide, 
squarely  cut  off  behind.  Tip  of  tail  rounded  in  both  sexes.  Cuticula  marked  by 


FIG.  23. — Ceratospira  vesicu- 
losa. Posterior  end  of 
male.  X  50.  (Haines 
del.,  after  Schneider,  1866, 
p.  109.) 


HANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS. 


31 


FIG.  24. — Ceratospira  ophthalmica.  An- 
terior end.  Enlarged,  (Raines  del., 
after  Linstow,  1898,  pi.  22,  fig.  11.) 


transverse  rings  0. 013  mm.  wide,  with  swollen  posterior  edges.     The  musculature  is 
weakly  developed. 

Male:  14.6  mm.  long  by  0.39  mm.  thick.  Esophagus  -fa,  tail  T^,  of  the  body 
length.  Posterior  end  of  body  curved  hook-like,  and  furnished  with  a  broad  bursa. 
Nine  to  ten  preanal  papillae  on  each  side.  Post- 
anal  papillae  small,  four  on  each  side.  Spicules 
unequal;  right  spicule  short  and  broad,  0.264 
mm.  long;  left  spicule  long  and  slender,  measur- 
ing 0.  968  mm.  in  length. 

Female:  18  mm.  long  by  0.47  mm.  thick. 
Oesophagus  -fa,  tail  T£T  of  the  body  length. 
Vulva  near  anterior  end  of  body,  dividing  the 
body  into  two  parts  in  the  ratio  of  1  to  45. 
The  ends  of  the  ovaries  lie  close  together  at  the 
junction  of  the  third  and  fourth  fifths  of  the 
body.  From  this  point  one  ovary  runs  forward, 
the  other  backward.  Eggs  very  numerous,  0. 023 
mm.  long  by  0.  016  mm.  wide. 

HABITAT. — Carpophaga  brenchleyi  [=  Brenchley  fruit 
pigeon,  Zoncenas  brenchleyi];  orbital  cavity;  Bismarck 
Archipelago  (Linstow,  1898). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — No.  3364,  Berlin  Museum. 

Linstow  (1898)  classed  this  species  in  Ancyra- 
canthus,  but  the  characters  as  given  seem  to 
correspond  more  closely  to  Ceratospira,  to  which 
genus  I  have  transferred  it. 

GENUS  FILARIA  MULLER,  1787. 

GENERIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidae:  Body  very  slender  and 
much  elongated.  Musculature  poly myarian.  Mouth  with 
or  without  lips.  Tail  of  male  usually  possesses  four 
preanal  papillae  and  a  variable  number  of  postanal  papillae 
and  is  in  some  species  furnished  with  a  bursa.  Spicules 
two,  unequal.  Vulva  in  anterior  part  of  body,  near  the 
head. 

TYPE  SPECIES. — Filaria  martin  Gmelin,  1790,  or  F.  falconis 
Gmelin,  1790.« 

FlLARIA    ABBREVIATA    RUUOLPHI,   1812 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


FIG.  25. — Ceratospira  ophthal- 
mica.     Posterior     end    of 


male.    Ventral   view.    En-     1819:  puaria  abbreviata  RCDOLPHI,  1819,  pp.  4-5,  210,  655.— WESTRUMB, 


larged.    (Haines  del.,  after 
Linstow,  1898,  pi.  22,  fig.  12.) 


1821,  p.  72.— NORDMANN,  1832,  p.  17.— ALESSANDRIXI,  1838,  p. 
12.— DUJARDIN,  1845a,  p.  52.— GURLT,  1845a,  pp.  246,  259.— CREP- 
LIN,  1846b,  pp.  155,  159,  160,  161,  162,  164,  172.— DlESING,  1851a, 

p.  268. — IDEM,  1851a,  p.  226  [in  part;  as  synonym  of  Spiropterapliilomclx  Diesing]. — IDEM,  1861a, 
p.  702.— MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  396-397.— IDEM,  1858,  p.  425  [considers  F.  myotherx  chrysopygx  from 
under  skin  near  the  eye  of  Myothcra  chrysopyga  possibly  identical  with  F.  abbreviata]  .—WAL- 
TER, 1866,  p.  74,  pi.  1.  fig.  6.— LINSTOW,  1878,  pp.  80,  84,  86,  90,  91,  92,  95,  97.— IDEM,  1883,  p.  286.— 
IDEM,  1886,  p.  11.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  57,  143,  144,  145,  147.— MttHLING,  1898,  p.  50. 
1819:  Filaria  turdorum  RUDOLPHI,  1819,  p.  9  [as  doubtful  species  and  possible  synonym  of  F.  motacil- 
larum;  no  description;  specimens  not  seen  by  Rudolphi;  abdomen  of  Turdus  pilaris  and  of 
T.  viscivorm}.— DIESING,  1851a,  p.  268  [as  synonym  of  F.  abbreviata] .— MOLIN,  1858,  p.  397  [as 
synonym  of  F.  abbreviata}. — STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  57  [as  synonym  of  F.  abbreviata]. 


«See  nematode  check-list  by  Stiles  &  Hassall  (MS.). 


32  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

1819:  Filaria  motacillarum  RUDOLPHI,  1819,  p.  9  [as  doubtful  species  and  possible  synonym  of  F.  tur- 
dorum;  no  description;  specimens  not  seen  by  Rudolphi;  abdomen  of  Motacilla  rubecula  and 
of  Motacilla  aenantlic;  about  the  ears,  cheeks,  and  neck  of  Motacilla  philomela} . — DIESING,  1851a, 
p.  268  [in  part,  exclusive  of  specimens  from  Sylvia  philomela;  as  synonym  of  F.  abbre- 
viata]. — MOLIN,  1858,  p.  397  [follows  Diesing,  1851a]. — STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  57  [as  synonym  of  F. 
abbreviata]. 

1819:  Filaria  motacittx  RUDOLPHI,  1819,  pp.  635-636  [as  doubtful  species  and  synonym  of  F.  motacil- 
larum; abdomen  of  Muscicapa  N.  144,  Brazil]. — DIESING,  1851a,  p.  268  [as  synonym  of  F.  abbre- 
viata} . — MOLIN,  1858,  p.  397  [as  synonym  of  F.  abbreviata] . — STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  57  [as  synonym 
of  F.  abbreviata] . 

1851:  Spiroptera philomelas  DIESING,  1851a,  p.  226.  —  LINSTOW,  1878,  pp.  87,  92. 

1888:  Filaria abreviata  MAGALHAES,  1888,  p.  11  [misprint  for  Filaria  abbreviata]. 

1897:  Filaria  philomelas  DIESING  of  STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  57  [error  for  Spiroptera  philomelx;  as  synonym  of 
F.  abbreviata}. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria:  Body  elongated,  armed  with  deciduous  spines  arranged 
in  longitudinal  series;  anterior  extremity  abruptly  attenuated,  truncated;  posterior 
extremity  thicker.  Mouth  without  papillae;  infundibuliform  pharynx  supplied  with 
six  tooth-like  organs,  three  on  the  dorsal  and  three  on  the  inferior  surface. 

Male:  12  to  25  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick.  Caudal  extremity  curved,  truncated. 
Spicules  two,  unequal;  short  spicule  ensiform;  long  spicule  twisted  spirally. 

Female:  30  to  50  mm.  long  by  0.5  to  1  mm.  thick.  Caudal  extremity  straight, 
obtuse. 

HABITAT. — Motacilla  stapazina  [= Russet  wheatear,  Saxicola  rufaj;  orbital  cavity; 
? Europe  (Rudolphi,  1819). — Motacilla  melanocephala  [^Sardinian  warbler,  Melizoph- 
ilus  melanocephalus) ;  abdomen;  ? Europe  (Diesing,  1851a). — Sylvia  rubecula  [=robin 
redbreast,  Erithacus  rubecula];  abdomen;  ?  Europe  (Diesing,  1851a). — Sturnus  pyr- 
rhocephalus  [=scarlet-headed  marsh  bird,  Amblyrhamphus  holosericeus];  abdomen; 
Brazil  (Molin,  1858). — Thnjothorus polyglottus  [=Brazilian  short-billed  marsh  wren, 
dstothorus  polyglottus'] ;  abdomen;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). — Tanagra  jacapa  [— Jacapa 
tanager,  Ramphocelus  jacapa'];  kidney;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). — Red  oven  bird,  Fur- 
narius  rufus;  abdomen  and  kidneys;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). — Pale-footed  oven  bird, 
Furnarius  leucopus;  abdomen;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). 

In  the  following  hosts  parasites  have  been  found  which  have  been  identified 
provisionally  as  Filaria  abbreviata:  White  wagtail,  Motacilla  alba;  thoracic  cavity; 
Europe  (Walter,  1866). — Fieldfare,  Turdus  pilaris;  abdomen;  ?  Europe  (Rudolphi, 
1819). — Mistletoe  thrush,  Turdus  viscivorus;  abdomen;  '/Europe  (Rudolphi,  1819). — 
Motacilla  rubecula  [=robin  redbreast,  Erithacus  rubecula~\;  abdomen;  ? Europe 
(Rudolphi  1819). — Motacilla  cenanthe  f=wheatear,  Saxicola  cenanthe~\;  abdomen; 
? Europe  (Rudolphi,  1819). — Motacilla  philomela  [=thrush  nightingale,  Aedon  lus- 
cinia];  about  the  ears,  cheeks,  and  neck;  ?  Europe  (Rudolphi,  1819). — Muscicapa  sp. 
[=probably  some  species  of  Tyrannida3];  abdomen;  Brazil  (Rudolphi,  1819). — 
Falconsevius  [^spotted  eagle,  Aquila rnaculata'];  eyes  and  nares;  ? Europe  (Rudolphi, 
1819). — Saxicola  sp. ;  body  cavity;  Turkestan  (Linstow,  1883). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — ?In  Berlin  Museum. 

The  above  description  is  taken  from  that  given  by  Molin  (1858,  p. 
396).  Rudolphi's  (1819,  p.  210)  original  description  based  on  3  speci- 
mens, females,  from  the  orbit  of  Motacilla  stapazina,  gives  the  length 
as  16  to  18  mm.;  body  of  uniform  thickness;  head  slender,  obtuse; 
mouth  orbicular;  tail  rounded;  intestine  of  uniform  thickness,  dark 
yellow  in  color.  A  few  remarks  are  made  also  concerning  the  female 
organs,  but  no  distinctive  characters  are  given. 

Rudolphi  (1819,  p.  555)  also  describes  briefly  some  worms  from  the 
collection  of  the  Vienna  Museum,  said  to  have  been  taken  from  the  ears 
and  around  the  eyes  of  Falco  ndzvius.  These  worms  were  apparently 


HANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  33 

of  the  same  species  as  those  from  Motacilla  stapazina.  It  seemed, 
however,  doubtful  to  Rudolph i  that  birds  so  different  should  harbor 
the  same  species  of  parasite,  and  he  therefore  inclined  to  the  belief 
that  some  error  had  been  made  in  the  identification  of  the  o»e  or  the 
other  host.  He  places  the  worms  from  Falco  nxmus  in  his  list  of 
doubtful  forms.  Subsequent  authors  have,  however,  generally  included 
them  with  Filaria  abtoeviata.  There  were  a  number  of  males  present, 
measuring  12  to  14  mm.  in  length,  with  a  tail  coiled  once  spirally, 
terminating  in  a  very  short  point;  spicule  recurved.  The  females 
had  a  tail  with  a  very  short  depressed  tip. 

[?  FILARIA]  ARMATA  GESCHEIDT,  1833. 

SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY.  • 

1833:  Filaria  armata  GESCHEIDT,  1833a,  pp.  442-444,  445.— IDEM  [1834a,  p.  65].— RAYER,  1843,  pp.  US- 
He,  148,  149  [includes  translation  of  Gescheidt,  1833a,  pp.  442-444] .— CREPLIN,  1846b,  pp.  160, 
163,  172.— DIESING,  l&51a,  p.  275.— IDEM,  1861a,  p.  703.— MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  404,  448.— LEUCKART, 
1876,  v.  2,  Lief.  3,  p.  627.— LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  112.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  60,  140. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Filaria:  Species  inquirenda. 

Male:  Unknown. 

Female:  Body  7  mm.  long  by  1  mm.  thick,  slightly  broader  at  the  tail.  Head  with 
four  nodular  spines.  Tail  obtuse,  rounded,  with  short,  blunt  mucronate  tip. 

HABITAT. — Falco  lagopus  [= rough-legged  hawk,  Archibuteo  lagopus];  vitreous  body 
of  eye;  ?  Europe  (Gescheidt,  1833a). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — The  single  specimen  on  which  the  species  is  based  is  probably 
not  in  existence. 

?  FILARIA  ATTENUATA  RUDOLPHI,  1802. 

Linstow  (1879,  p.  315),  in  a  list  of  parasites  collected  by  Doctor  von 
Hering,  Stuttgart,  mentions  a  worm  from  the  eyes  of  the  black  crow, 
Corvus  corone,  considered  possibly  identical  with  Filaria  attenuata. 
The  specimens  were  very  poorly  preserved. 

To  this  species  Shipley  (1903,  p.  605)  also  refers  provisionally  a 
roundworm  collected  by  Hawker  in  the  Soudan  from  the  orbit  of  an 
eagle  owl  (Bubo  sp.).  The  species  named,  however,  can  scarcely  come 
into  consideration  in  this  connection. 

The  original  Filaria  attenuata  Rudolphi,  1802,  came  from  crows, 
and  though  later  Rudolphi  assigned  worms  from  hawks  and  falcons  to 
the  same  species,  Molin  (1858,  pp.  375-376,  394-395)  has  shown  that 
the  latter  are  a  distinctly  different  species  from  the  former,  and  that 
F.  attenuata  probably  does  not  occur  in  the  latter  group  of  birds. 

[?  FILARIA]  BONASI.E  RAYER,  1843. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1832:  Filaria  sp.  NORDMANN,  1832,  pp.  16-17.— GESCHEIDT,  1833a,  p.  423.— GURLT,  1845a,  p.  263.— CREP- 
LIN, 1846D,  p.  175. 

1843:  FUaria  bonasix  RAYER,  1843,  p.  149.— DUJARDIN,  1845a,  p.  56.— DIESING,  1851a,  p.  282.— MOLIN, 
1858,  pp.  426,  442.— LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  120.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  62,  149. 

1851:  Filaria  tetraoms  bonasix  DIESING,  1851a,  p.  282  [as  synonym  of  Filaria  bonasias] .— MOLIN,  1858, 
p.  426  [as  synonym  of  F.  bonasies]. 

4241— No.  60—04 3 


34 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTEY. 


SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Filaria:  Species  inquirenda.  Length  10  to  12  mm. ;  color  white. 
HABITAT. — Tetrao  bonasia  [=hazel  hen,  Tetrastes  bonasia];  posterior  chamber  of 
eye;  Gulf  of  Finland  (Nordmann,  1832). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — Probably  not  in  existence. 

Reported  but  once;  a  single  specimen  collected. 
[?  FILARIA]  CAMPANULATA  MOLIN,  1858. 

(Figs.  26-28.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


FIG.  26.— [1  Fila- 
ria] campanu- 
lata.  Female 
Natural  size 
(Haines  del. 
after  Molin 
1858,  pi.  2,  fig 
5.) 


1858:  Filaria  companulata  MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  392-393,  448, 
pi.  2,  figs.   5-7.— DIESING,   1861a,   p.  702.— LiN- 
STOW,  1878,  p.  116.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  63,  141. 
1858:  Filaria  falconis  magnirostris  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  392  [as 

synonym  of  F.  campctnulata] . 
SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Filaria: 
'  Male:  Unknown. 
Female:  15  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick.     Anterior  extremity 
of  body  attenuated,  obtuse.    Surface  of  body 
annulated;  annulations  campaniform,  imbri- 
cated.   Tail  nearly  straight,  pointed.     Vulva 
in  anterior  portion  of  body. 

HABITAT. — Falco     magnirostris     [=large- 
billed  hawk,  Rupornis  magnirostris];  under 
nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  upon  a  single 
specimen  collected  by  Natterer  in 
Brazil,  and  was  placed  in  the  genus 
Filaria  by  Molin  (1858,  p.  393)  on 
account  of  the  position  of  the  vulva. 


FIG.  28.— [IFilaria] 
campanulata.  Pos- 
terior end  of  fe- 
male. Enlarged. 
(Haines  del.,  after 
Molin,  1858,  pi.  2, 
fig.  7.) 


FILARIA  CIRRURA  LEIDY,  1886. 


SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1886:  Filaria  cirrura  LEIDY,  1886,  p.  309.— LINSTOW, 
1889,  p.  37.— STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  64. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria:  Body  cylin- 
drical, nearly  equal,  cephalic  end  conical, 
rounded  truncate,  smooth ;  mouth  a  minute 
funnel-like  orifice  without  papillse  or  in- 
ternal armature. 

Male:  10  mm.  long  by  0.375  mm.  thick. 
Caudal  end  closely  rolled  inward,  conical, 
blunt,  without  alse  or  papillse;  penal  spiculse 
strongly  curved,  with  the  points  projecting 
from  the  prominent  genital  aperture  situated  above  the  tail 
end. 

Female:  16  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick.     Caudal  end  slightly 


FIG.  27.— [">.  Filaria] 
campanulata.  An- 
terior end  of  fe- 
male. Enlarged. 
(Haines  del.,  after 
Molin,  1858,  pi.  2, 
fig.  6.) 


curved  or  nearly  straight,  conical,  obtusely  rounded,    without 
appendages.     [Vulva  about  0.4  mm.  from  the  cephalic  end.] 

HABITAT. — Quiscalus  major  [= boat-tailed  grackle,  Megaquiscalus 
major];  orbit;  Florida  (Leidy,  1886). 
TYPE   SPECIMENS.  —  In    Helminthological    Collection,    U.   S.    National    Museum, 
No.  66. 


HANSON'S  EYE  WOEM  OF  CHICKENS.  35 

The  above  diagnosis  comprises  the  original  description  of  Leidy 
(1886)  which  was  based  upon  specimens  of  4  females  and  2  males. 
After  examining  the  original  material  I  am  able  to  add  one  item  to 
Leidy's  diagnosis,  namely,  the  position  of  the  vulva. 

[?  FILARIA]  DENDROCOLAPTIS  PROCURVI  LACRYMALIS  MOLIN,  1858. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

18">8:  Filaria  dendrocolaptis  procurvi  lacrymalis  MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  425,  443. 

1858:  Filaria  dendrocolaptis  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  425  [as  synonym  of  Filaria  dendrocolaptis  procurvi  lacry- 
malis; not  F.  dendrocolaptis  Molin,  1858,  p.  399=.Fitaria  quadriverrucosa  Molin,  1858,  p.  398]. 
1879:  Filaria  dendrocolapti  procurvi  LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  80. 
1897:  Filaria  dendrocolaptis  procurvi  STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  67,  147. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Filaria:  Species  inquirenda.  Ten  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick. 
Anterior  extremity  of  body  pointed.  Surface  of  body  thickly  striated  transversely. 
Posterior  extremity  thickened,  curved.  Mouth  without  lips. 

HABITAT. — Dendrocolaptes  procurvus  [=curve-bill  woodhewer,  Xiphorhijnchus  pro- 
curvus};  eye;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  form  is  listed  among  species  inquirendde  by  Molin  (1858,  p. 
425).  The  sex  of  the  single  specimen  examined  by  him  could  not  be 
determined. 

[?  FILARIA]  MYOTHER^E  CAMPANISONJS  MOLIN,  1858. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1858:  Filaria  myotherse  campanisonse  MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  425, 444.— LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  81.— STOSSICH,  1897, 
pp.  74,  144. 

1858:  Filaria  turdi  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  425  [as  synonym  of  F.  myotlierx  campanisonx;  not  F.  turdi  Molin, 
1858,  p.  396,  as  synonym  of  F.  flliformis;  not  F.  turdi  Molin,  1858,  p.  423,  as  synonym  of  F.  turdi 
olivascentis  (palpebralis);  not  F.  turdi  n.  sp.  Linstow,  1877,  pp.  173-174]. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Filaria:  Species  inquirenda. 

Male:  Unknown. 

Female:  25  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick.  Anterior  end  of  body  attenuated,  poste- 
rior end  thickened. 

HABITAT. — Myothera  campanisona  [—short-tailed  ant  thrush,  Chamseza  brevicauda]; 
eye;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

Only  a  single  opaque  specimen  of  this  species  was  examined  by 
Molin  (1858). 

FILARIA  OBTUSO-CAUDATA  RUDOLPHI,  1819. 

(Figs.  29,  30.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1819:  Filaria  obtuso-caudata  RUDOLPHI,  1819,  p.  634  [not  Filaria  oUusocaudata  Schneider,  1866, 
p.  101=Filaria  Schneideri  Stossich,  1897] .— DUJAKDIN,  1845a,  p.  55.— GURLT,  1845a,  p.  250.— 
CRKPLIN,  1846b,  pp.  155, 160, 161, 172.— DIESING,  1851a,  p.  277.— IDEM,  1861a,  p.  710  [as  synonym 
of  Monopetalonema  obtuse-caudatum].—MoLiyt,  1858,  pp.  413-414,  442,  443,  447.— LINSTOW,  1878, 
pp.  74,  75.— IDEM,  1879,  pp.  315,  327.— PARONA,  1889,  p.  762,  fig.  4.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  37,  144, 
148, 149. 

1819:  Filaria  cotturionis  subcutanea  RUDOLPHI,  1819,  pp.  8,  217  [in  part;  under  skin  of  Lanius  minor 
and  L.  pomeranus]  .—DIESING,  1851a,  p.  274  [as  synonym  of  F.  nodulosa] .— MOLIN,  1858,  p.  413 
[as  synonym  of  F.  obtuso-caudata].— DUJARDIN,  1845a,  p.  52  [in  part].— PARONA,  1889,  p.  762 
[as  synonym  of  F.  obtuso-caudata] . 

1851:  Filaria  nodulosa  RUDOLPHI,  1820  of  DIESING,  1851a,  pp.  274-275  [in  part;  under  skin  of  Lanius 
minor  and  L.  pomeranus] .— MOLIN,  1858,  p.  413  [as  synonym  of  F.  obtuso-caudata] .— DIESING, 
1861a,  p.  710  [as  synonym  of  Monopetalonema  obtuse-caudatum] .— PABONA,  1889,  p.  762  [as  syn- 
onym of  F.  obtuso-caudata]. 


36 


BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


FIG.  29.— Fttaria  ob- 
ttiso-caudata. 
Posterior  end  of 
male.  Enlarged. 
(Haines  del., 
after  Parona, 
1889,  p.  762,  fig.  4.) 


1858:  Filaria  tetraonis  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  413  [as  synonym  of  F.  obtuso-caudata;  not  F.  tetraonis  Molin, 

1858,  p.  427=.F.  perdicis  dentatas] . 
1861:  Monopetolonema  dbtuse-caudatum  (Rudolphi,  1819)  DIESING,  1861a,  p.  710.— STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  37 

[as  synonym  of  Fttaria  obtuso-caudata] . 
1879:  Menopetatonema  obtus  [ecaudatum]  LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  74  [misprint  for  Monopetalonema  obtusecau- 

datum;  as  synonym  of  Fttaria  obtuso-caudata] . 
1883:  ?  Fttaria  obtuso-caudata  LINSTOW,  1883,  pp.  284-285.— IDEM,  1886,  p.  10. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria:  Anterior  end  of  body  obtuse,  with  8  nodules;  pos- 
terior end  gradually  attenuated.     Mouth  bilabiate  with  unarmed  truncate  conical  lips. 
Male:  20  to  37  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  thick.     Tail  curved,  with 
a  slender  5-ribbed  membrane  on  each  side.     Spicules  two,  un- 
equal, very  straight  and  slender;  long  spicule  2.5  to  3  mm.  long; 
short  spicule  0. 36  mm.  long. 

Female:  30  to  125  mm.    long  by  0.5  to   1   mm.    thick.     Tail 
straight,  obtuse.     Position  of  vulva  not  determined. 

HABITAT. — Picas  lineatus  [=lineated  woodpecker,  Ceophlceus  lin- 
eat MS] ;  thoracic  cavity ;  Brazil  (Rudolphi,  1819). — Picus  flavescens 
[=black  and  yellow  woodpecker,  Cele us  flavescens];  subcutaneous 
connective  tissue  of  neck ;  Brazil  (Diesing,  1851a);  under  skin  of 
neck  and  superorbital  region,  and  in  walls  of  esophagus;  Brazil 
(Molin,  1858). — Picus  robustus  [—Brazilian  ivory-billed  wood- 
pecker, Campephilus  robustus~\;  muscles  of  neck;  Brazil  (Diesing, 
1851a). — Picus  passerinus  [=sparrow  woodpecker,  Veniliornis  pas- 
serinus']; orbital  cavity;  ?  Brazil  (Diesing,  1851a) ;  under  skin  of  neck;  Brazil  (Molin, 
1858). — Picus  aurulentus  [^Brazilian  green  woodpecker,  Chloronerpes  aurulentus]; 
muscles  of  neck;  Brazil  (Diesing,  1851a;  Molin,  1858);  under  skin  of  neck;  Brazil 
(Molin,  1858). — Picus  leucolsemus  [= white-throated  green  woodpecker,  Chloronerpes 
leucolsemus];  subcutaneous  connective  tissue  of  neck;  Brazil  (Diesing,  1851a). — Picus 
mmana  [=Jumana  woodpecker,  Celeus  jumana~\ ;  muscles  and  subcutaneous  con- 
nective tissue  of  neck;  Brazil  (Diesing,  1851a) ;  under  skin  of  and  in  tumor  of  neck; 
Brazil  (Molin,  1858). — Picus  rubricollis  [=red-necked  ivory-billed 
woodpecker,  Campephilus  rubricollis];  muscles  of  neck;  Brazil 
(Diesing,  1851a);  under  skin  of  neck;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). — Lesser 
gray  shrike,  Lanius  minor;  under  skin;  ?  Europe  (Rudolphi,  1819). — 
Lanius  pomeranus  [=pomerine  shrike,  Lanius  senator,  or  rufous 
shrike,  Lanius  rutilus] ;  under  skin;  ? Europe  (Rudolphi,  1819). — 
Lanius  rufus  [=rufous  shrike,  Lanius  rutilus];  under  skin  near 
eye;  ?  Europe  (Linstow,  1879). — Laniussp. ;  under  skin  in  occipital 
region;  Abyssinia  (Parona,  1889). 

In  the  following  hast  a  parasite  was  found  which  was  identified 
provisionally  as  Filaria  obtuso-caudata. — Lanius  sp. ;  ?  location; 
Turkestan  (Linstow,  1883). — Perdix  leucostricta  [=stellated  par- 
tridge, Odontophorus  stellatus];  wing  muscles;  Brazil  (Molin, 
1858). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — ?  In  Vienna  or  Berlin  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  on  a  single  specimen  of  female  collected  from 
the  thoracic  cavity  of  Picus  lineatus  by  Natterer  in  Brazil.  Rudolphi 
(1819,  p.  634)  described  this  specimen  as  slender,  gradually  attenuated 
posteriorly,  with  rather  acute  head,  apex  of  tail  very  obtuse  and  short. 
Length,  20  mm.  (15  lines).  Mouth  orbicular,  unarmed.  Two  unequal 
spicules.  Diesing  (1851a,  p.  277)  enlarged  slightly  upon  Rudolphi's 


FIG.  30.— Filaria 
obtuso-caudata. 
Anterior  end  of 
male.  Enlarged. 
(Haines  del., 
after  Parona, 
1889,  p.  762,  fig. 
4.) 


EYE    WORM   OF   CHICKENS.  37 

original  description  and  added  a  number  of  hosts.  The  description  and 
list  of  hosts  was  still  further  extended  by  Molin  (1858,  pp.  413-414) 
and  a  part  of  Filaria  nodulosa  Rudolphi  of  Diesing  (1851a),  transferred 
to  the  species  under  discussion.  Diesing  (1861a,  p.  710)  placed  this 
form  in  the  genus  Monopetalonema.  Linstow  (1879,  1883,  1886)  and 
Farona  (1889)  have  added  one  or  two  points  to  our  incomplete  knowl- 
edge of  the  anatomy  of  this  form,  and  record  new  hosts  and  localities. 

FILARIA  OCULI  OF  "C.  W.  W.,"  1891. 

"  C.  W.  W."  (1891,  p.  290)  mentions  a  nematode  found  in  the  interior 
chamber  of  the  eye  of  a  parrot.  No  microscopic  examination  was 
made. 

FILARIA  PAPILLOSO-ANNULATA  MOLIN,  1858. 

SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1851:  Filaria  attenuaia  RUDOLPHI  of  DIESING,  1861a,  p.  266  [in  part;  from  the  orbit  of  Falco  swain- 

sonii,  Brazi1]. 
1858:  Filaria  papiUoso-annulata  MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  399-400,  448.— DIESING,  1861a,  p.  702.— LINSTOW,  1878, 

p.  118.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  75, 141. 
1858:  Filaria  attenuaia  falconis  picti  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  400  [as  synonym  of  F.  papilloso-annulata;  not 

F.  attenuata  falconis  picti  Molin,  1858,  p.  392,  as  synonym  of  F.  vcrrucosa.] 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filaria: 

Male:  Unknown. 

Female:  50  mm.  long  by  1  mm.  thick.  Anterior  end  of  body  obtusely  attenuated, 
closely  annulated  as  far  as  the  vulva.  Mouth  surrounded  by  eight  papillae.  Posterior 
end  of  body  thickened,  with  very  acute  caudal  tip. 

HABITAT. — Falco  sivainsonii  [=Vigors  hawk,  Gampsony.v  swainsoni];  in  posterior 
region  of  orbit;  Brazil  (Diesing,  1851a). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  upon  two  female  specimens  (Molin,  1858,  p. 
400)  collected  by  Natterer,  the  same  apparently  as  those  from  the  orbit 
of  Falco  swainsonii  mentioned  by  Diesing  (1851a)  and  identified  by 
him  as  Filaria  attenuata. 

[?  FILARIA]  SYLVIA  DIESING,  1851. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1832:  Filaria  sp.  NORDMANN,  1832,  p.  17. 

1851:  Filaria  sylvix  NORDMANN  of  DIESING  1851a,  p.  281  [not  F.  sylvix  Molin,  1858,  p.  425,  as  synonym 

of  F.  myotherx  chrysopygse] .— MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  423,  447.— LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  86.— STOSSICH,  1897, 

pp.  82,  143. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS.— tFilaria:  Species  inquirenda. 
Length,  37.5  mm. 

HABITAT. — Sylvia  abietina  [=chiffchaff,  Phylloscopus  minor];  orbital  cavity;  Ger- 
many (Nordmann,  1832.) 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — Probably  not  in  existence. 

Reported  but  once.  A  single  specimen  collected  by  Doctor  Gloger 
in  Breslau  (Nordmann,  1832,  p.  17). 


38  BUREAU   OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

[?  FILAEIA]  TINAMI  VAKIEGATI  MOLIN,  1858. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1858:  Filaria  tinami  variegati  (palpebralis)  MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  427,  441. 

1858:  Filaria  tinami  variegati  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  427  [as  synonym  of  F.  tinami  variegati  (palpebralis)}  .— 

LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  125.— STOSSICH,  1897,  p.  83. 
1858:  ?  Filaria  labiotruncata  MOLIN,  1858,~p.  427  [as  possible  synonym  of  F.  tinami  variegati  (palpebralis)] . 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Filaria:  Species  inquirenda. 
No  description. 

HABITAT. — Tinamusvariegatus  [= variegated  tinainou,  Orypturus  variegatus};  under 
nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

Molin  (1858,  p.  427)  examined  a  single  specimen  collected  by  Nat- 
terer  in  poor  state  of  preservation,  which  seemed  to  be  a  female  belong- 
ing to  Filaria  Idbiotruncata,  but  he  separated  it  from  the  latter  on 
account  of  the  difference  in  habitat. 

[?  FILAEIA]  TURDI  OLIVASCENTIS  (PALPEBRALIS)  MOLIN,  1858. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1858:  Filaria  turdi  olivascentis  (palpebralis)  MOLIN,  1858,  pp.  423,  446. 

1858:  Filaria  turdi  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  423  [not  F.  turdi  Molin,  1858,  p.  396  =  F.  Jttiformis;  not  F.  turdi 

Molin,  1858,  p.  425  =  F.  myotherx  campanisonse;  not  F.  turdi  Linstow,  1877,  pp.  173-174.] 
1878:  Filaria  turdi  olivascentis  LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  90.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  85,  143. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Filaria:  Species  inquirenda.     No  description. 
HABITAT.  —  Tiirdus  olivascens  [identity  of  host  unknown;  this  name  not  found  in 
ornithological  literature] ;  under  nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1858). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

Molin  (1858)  remarks  that  the  two  specimens  of  this  form  collecteu 
by  Natterer  were  in  too  bad  condition  to  be  studied. 

GENUS  SPIROPTERA  «  RUDOLPHI,  1819. 

GENERIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidse:  Scarcely  distinguishable  from  Filaria.  Body  gen- 
erally shorter  and  thicker.  Vulva  usually  at  a  considerable  distance  from  anterior 
end  of  body.  Tail  of  male  rolled  spirally  and  furnished  with  lateral  membranes. 

TYPE  SPECIES. — Probably  Spiroptera  euryoptera  Rudolphi,  1819.  & 

?  SPIROPTERA  OAPRIMULGI  MOLIN,  1860. 

Shipley  (1903,  p.  606)  mentions  a  worm  from  the  orbit  of  a  "Night 
jar"  (Caprimulgus  europseus  or  C.  segyptius]  collected  by  R.  M.  Hawker 
in  the  Soudan,  and  refers  it  provisionally  to  Spiroptera  caprimulgi 
Molin,  a  species  based  upon  a  single  specimen  collected  in  Brazil  from 
the  stomach  walls  of  Caprimulgus  megalurus  and  listed  among  species 
inquirendse  by  the  latter  author. 

«As  will  be  shown  in  a  forthcoming  check  list  of  the  nematodes  by  Stiles  and  Has- 
sall,  the  name  Acuaria  Bremser,  1811,  must  replace  the  name  Spiroptera,  as  the  latter 
is  simply  the  genus  Acuaria  renamed.  Since  the  generic  relationship  of  each  of  the 
three  species,  caprimulgi  of  Shipley,  feai,  and  tenuicauda,  is  very  doubtful,  I  have,  in 
order  to  avoid  a  multiplication  of  names,  retained  in  the  present  paper  the  name 
Spiroplera,  with  which  the  species  in  question  were  originally  listed. 

&See  nematode  check-list  by  Stiles  &  Hassall  (MS.). 


HANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  39 

[?  SPIROPTERA]  FEAI  STOSSICH,  1897. 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1889:  Spiroptera  sp.  PARONA,  1889,  pp.  775,779.— STOSSICH,  1897.  p.  114  [as  synonym  of  S.  Feai  Stossich)]. 
1897:  Spiroptera  Feat  STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  114, 142. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Spiropterd: 

Male:  Unknown. 

Female:  16  mm.  long  by  1  nim.  thick.  Heaa  rounded,  with  two  conical  papillae. 
Caudal  extremity  very  obtuse,  not  pointed. 

HABITAT. — Burmese  hawk-owl,  Ninox  scutulata;  orbital  cavity,  behind  the  eyeball; 
Burma  (Parona,  1889). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — [?] 

This  species  is  based  on  Parona's  (1889)  description  of  material 
collected  by  Leonardo  Fea  in  Burma.  On  account  of  our  incomplete 
knowledge  of  the  anaton^  of  this  form  its  classification  in  the  genus 
/Spiroptera  may  be  considered  only  provisional. 

[?  SPIROPTERA]  TENUICAUDA  MOLIN,  1860. 

(Fig.  31.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1860:  Spiroptera  tenuicauda  MOLIN,  1860,  pp.  983-984,  991,  992.— LINSTOW,  1878,  pp.  124, 146.— IDEM,  1889, 

p.  53.— DRASCHE,  1884a,  p.  207,  pi.  12,  fig.  17.— STOSSICH,  1897,  pp.  88-89,  149. 
1860:  Spiroptera  ciconix  maguari  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  983    [as  synonym  of  Spiroptera  tenuicauda;  not 

S.  ciconix  maguari  Molin,  1860,  p.  932=S.  excisa;  not  S.  ciconisc  maguari  Molin,  1860,  p.  486 

=Dispharagus  longevaginatus] . 
1860:  Spiroptera  cram  N.  of  MOLIN,  1860,  p.  983  [as  synonym  of  S.  tenuicauda;  not  S.  cram  Molin,  1860, 

p.  944 =S.  heteroclita] . 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — ?  Spiroptera: 

Male:  Unknown. 

Female:  8  to  19  mm.  long  by  0.2  mm.  thick.     Body  slender,  increasing  in  thick- 
ness anteriorly,  posteriorly  gradually  attenuated.     Anterior 
end  coiled  in  a  single  turn,  apex  truncated.      Head  with 
two  membranous  ala3,«  lips  absent,  mouth   opening  hex- 
agonal, two  lateral  and  four  submedian  papillae.    Pharynx 
absent.     Esophagus  ends  in  a  bulb  with  dental  apparatus. 
Tail  straight,  slender,  acutely  conical,  with  very  acute  tip. 
Anus  remote  from  caudal  tip.     Position  of  vulva  not  deter- 
mined. FlG-  Si'—PSpinptera]  te- 
nuicauda.    Anterior 

HABITAT. — Oiconia    maguari   [=  South    American    stork,        view  of  liea(j     x  280> 

Euxenura  maguari];  proventriculus;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). —  (Haincs  del.,  after 
Crax  tomentosa  [^Brazilian  mitua,  Mitua  tomentosa'];  under  Draw-he,  I884a,  pi.  12, 
nictitating  membrane;  Brazil  (Molin,  1860). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

This  species  is  based  on  specimens  of  two  females  collected  by 
Natterer  in  1831  from  the  proventriculus  of  Ciconia  maguari,  and  two 
females  and  a  fragment  from  under  the  nictitating  membrane  of  Crax 
tomentosa,  also  collected  by  Natterer  in  1831.  Molin  (1860,  p.  984), 
considers  it  probable  that  the  forms  from  Oiconia  are  of  a  different 
species  from  those  from  Crax,  but  since  he  saw  no  males  from  either 

«  According  to  Molin  (1860,  p.  983),  membranous  appendages  are  lacking.  Drasche 
(1884a,  p.  20),  who  reexamined  Molin's  material,  found  alte  on  the  head. 


40  BITEEAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTBY. 

host,  the  great  similarity  in  the  females  did  not  justify  him,  he  believed, 
in  creating  two  species. 

Drasche  (1884a,  p.  207),  who  reexamined  the  original  material,  does 
not  state  whether  he  examined  specimens  from  both  hosts  or  from  but 
one.  He  doubts  that  the  species  belongs  in  the  genus  Spiroptera. 

GENUS  APROCTA  LINSTOW,  1883. 

GENERIC  DIAGNOSIS.— Filariidse:  Body  rounded  at  both  ends.  Head  attenuated. 
Mouth  without  lips.  Esophagus  short.  Anus  lacking.  Lateral  fields  very  broad 
and  thin,  without  excretory  vessels.  Excretory  pore  lacking.  Caudal  extremity 
without  papillae,  or  with  a  single  unpaired  papilla  near  posterior  end. 

TYPE  SPECIES. — Aprocta  cylindrica  Linstow,  1883. 

APROCTA  CYLINDRICA  LINSTOW,  1883. 

(Fig.  32.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1883:  Aprocta  cylindrica  LINSTOW,  1883,  pp.  289-290, 
pi.  7,  fig.  21.— IDEM,  1889,  p.  35.— IDEM, 
1901,  p.  188. 

SPECIFIC     DIAGNOSIS. — Aprocta:    Head 
rounded  without  lips  or  papillae.     Tail 
FIG.  32.— Aprocta  cylindrica.    Posterior  end   of      rounded  in  both  sexes.     Esophagus  short; 
male.    Enlarged.    (Haines  del.,  after  Linstow,      measures  TV  of  the  length  of  the  body. 
1883,  pi.  7,  fig.  21.)  Anusabsent.    Musculature meromyarian. 

Lateral  fields  very  broad  and  thin. 

Male:  16  mm.  long  by  0.54  mm.  thick.  Genital  opening  prominent;  one  pair 
postanal  papillae.  Tip  of  tail  prolonged  into  short  appendage.  Spicules  two,  almost 
equal,  short,  curved,  0.31  mm.  and  0.28  mm.  in  length. 

Female:  27  mm.  long  by  0.9  mm.  wide.     Eggs  elliptical,  0.026  by  0.01  mm. 
HABITAT. — Petrceca  cyanea  [=blue  rock  thrush,  Petrophila  cyanus};  orbital  cavity; 
Turkestan  (Linstow,  1883). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — [?]. 

APROCTA  OPHTHALMOPHAGA  STOSSICH,  1902. 

SYNONOMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
1902:  Aprocta  ophthalmophaga  STOSSICH,  1902,  p.  73. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Aprocta:  Body  thick,  cylindrical,  attenuated  at  both  ends. 
Head  (lacking  in  all  specimens  studied). 

Male:  20  to  24  mm.  long.  Tail  coiled  spirally,  with  rounded  tip,  lacking  bursa 
and  papillae.  Cloacal  opening  salient;  spicules  two,  of  equal  length,  short,  with 
hook-like  points. 

Female:  40  mm.  long.  Caudal  extremity  broad  and  rounded.  Vulva  prominent 
near  cephalic  extremity.  Eggs  elliptical,  with  thick  yellowish  shell. 

HABITAT. — Falcon,  .Fa/co  sp. ;  behind  eyeball;  Abyssinia  (Stossich,  1902). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Collection  Parona. 

This  species  is  based  upon  a  number  of  specimens  collected  by 
Doctor  Traverse  in  November,  1885. 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  41 

APROCTA  ORBITALIS  LINSTOW,  1901. 
(Figs.  33,34.) 

SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
1901:  Aprocta  orbitalis  LINSTOW,  1901,  p.  188,  pi.  8,  figs.  10, 11. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Aprocta:  Anterior  end  of  body  rounded,  somewhat  conical, 
without  papillae.  Esophagus  short,  anus  absent,  lateral  fields  very  thin  and  broad, 
each  equal  to  £  of  the  periphery  of  the  body.  Excretory  vessels  and  pore  lacking. 

Male:  21  mm.  long  by  1.03  mm.  thick.  Esophagus  fa  the  body  length.  Tail 
coiled  into  a  double  spiral.  Tip  prolonged  into  a  short  appendage  with  rounded 
extremity.  Appendage  measures  fa  of  the  body  length.  Spicules  two,  short,  0.40 
and  0.47  mm.  in  length.  Genital  opening  rather  prominent.  Papillae  absent. 


FIG.  33.— Aprocta  orbitalis.    Cross  section.    En-  FIG.  34.— Aprocta  orbitalis.     Posterior 

larged.    (Haines  del.,  after  Linstow,  1901,  pi.  end  of  male.     Enlarged.     (Haines 

8,  fig.  10.)  del.,  after  Linstow,  1901,  pi.  8,  fig.  11.) 

Female:  38  mm.  long  by  1.26  mm.  thick.  Esophagus  fa  of  the  body  length. 
Vulva  rather  prominent,  anterior,  0.79  to  1.03  mm.  from  the  cephalic  extremity. 
Eggs  thick-shelled,  oldest  contain  worm-like  embryos  and  measure  0.055  mm.  long 
by  0.036  mm.  thick. 

HABITAT. — Falco  fuscoater  [=black  kite,  Milvus  korschwi};  orbit;  ?  locality  (Lin- 
stow, 1901). 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Breslau  Collection. 

GENUS  PHYSALOPTERA  RUDOLPHI,  1819. 

GENERIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Filariidse:  Mouth  with  two  equal  lips,  each  with  three  papil- 
lae on  the  outer  surface,  and  each  armed  with  teeth  at  the  extremity  and  usually  also 
on  the  internal  surface.  There  are  usually  present  cuticular  expansions  of  variable 
form  behind  the  lips.  Posterior  extremity  of  male  is  lanceolate,  spoon-like,  sur- 
rounded by  a  vesicular  border.  Two  varieties  of  papillae:  A  series  of  external  pedun- 
culate papillae,  four  on  each  side,  in  the  anal  region,  serving  as  supporting  ribs  for 
the  bursa;  and  internal  papillae,  almost  always  sessile;  frequently  an  unpaired  papilla 
in  front  of  the  anus.  Spicules  two,  unequal.  Female  with  two  ovaries;  vulva  in 
anterior  part  of  body.  Oviparous. 

TYPE  SPECIES. — Physaloptera  clausa  Rudolphi,  1819.« 

« See  nematode  check- list  by  Stiles  &  Hassall  (MS.). 


42 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


PHYSALOPTERA  ACUTICAUDA  MOLIN,  1860. 

(Figs.  36,36.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGEAPHY. 

1851:  Physaloptera  alata  RUDOLPH:  of  DIESING,  1851a,  p.  234  [in  part] .— MOLIN,  1860,  p.  661  [in  part;  as 

synonym  of  P.  acuticauda]. 
1860:  Physaloptera  acuticauda  MOLIN,  1860,  pp.  661-663,  669,  670.— LINSTOW,  1878,  pp.  110,  114,  115,  116, 

117, 118.— IDEM,  1889,  p.  41.— IDEM,  1901,  p.  413.— DRASCHE,  1883b,  p.  127,  pi.  8,  figs.  4,  5.— STOSSICH, 

1889,  pp.  46,  56,  pi.  2,  fig.  14,  pi.  3,  fig.  33. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Physaloptera:  Body  filiform,  more  attenuated  posteriorly. 
Well-developed  membranous  expansions  on  the  head. 
Mouth  bilabiate,  anterior  border  of  lips  semicircular. 
Each  lip  furnished  with  a  large  pointed  outer  tooth 
and  three  small  inner  teeth. 

Male:  20  to  32  mm.  long  by.  0.8  mm.  thick.  Tail 
curved,  with  long  semilanceolate  bursal  membranes; 
four  pairs  of  rib-like  papillae  supporting  the  bursal 
membrane  on  either  side,  two  postanal  and  two  pre- 
anal;  near  the  median  line  five  pairs  of  sessile  post- 
anal  papillae,  two  just  posterior  of  the  anal  opening, 
two  slightly  farther  back,  and  the  remaining  pair  at 
about  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the  anus  to  the 
tip  of  the  tail;  one  pair  of  preanal  papillae  not  far  from 
the  median  line  a  short  distance  in  front  of  the  anus, 
and  a  single  median  unpaired  papilla  just  anterior  of 
the  anal  opening;  spicules  two,  unequal,  one  of  them 
very  long  and  filiform. 

Female:  20  to  43  mm.  long  by  0.8  to  1.2  mm.  thick. 
Tail  long  and  conical,  with  rather  acute  tip.  Anus 
some  distance  from  tip  of  tail.  Vulva  in  anterior 
part  of  body. 

HABITAT. — Falcon,  Falco  sp. ;  gizzard. — Falco  cachi- 
nans  [= laughing  falcon,  Herpetotheres  cachinnans]; 
esophagus  and  gizzard. — Falco  gracilis  [=gray  crane- 
hawk,  Geranospizias  cscrulescens] ;  esophagus  and  giz- 
zard.— Falco  swainonii  [= Vigors  hawk,  Gampsonyx 
swainsoni];  esophagus. — Falco  rutilans  [=brown  buz- 
zard, Heterospizias  meridionalis];  gizzard. —Falco  ornatus  [= Brazilian  crested  eagle, 
Spizaetus  mauduyti] ;  esophagus  and  gizzard. — Falco  palusiris 
[= long-winged  harrier,  Circus  maculosus\;  esophagus  and 
gizzard. — Falco  coronatus  [=crowned  harpy,  Harpylialiaetus 
coronatuz];  orbital  cavity,  free  in  occipital  region  and  in 
gizzard. — Falco  urubutinga  [=South  American  black  hawk, 
Urubitingaurubitinga'];  gizzard. — Falco  dispar  [=long-tailed 
kite,  Elanusleucurus};  gizzard. — Falco atricapillus  [=Vieillot 
hawk,  Sjriziaster  melanoleucus] ;  mouth,  esophagus,  and  giz- 
zard.— Falco  cayennensis  [=Cayenne  falcon,  Leptodon  cayen- 
•neim*];  gizzard. — Falco  unicinctus  [=one  banded  buzzard, 
farabuteo  unicinctus'] ;  esophagus  and  gizzard. — Falco  minutus 

[=South  American  sharp-shinned  hawk,  Accipiter  tinus];  gizzard.     All  the  above 
hosts  were  first  reported  by  Molin  (1860)  from  Brazil. — Black-winged  kite,  Elanus 
caruleus;  stomach;  Lake  Nyassa,  Africa  (Linstow,  1901). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — In  Vienna  Museum. 

Drasche  (1883b)  has  restudied  tho  original  material. 


FIG.  35. — Physaloptera  acuticauda. 
Posterior  end  of  male,  x  80. 
( Hainesdel . ,  after  Drasche,  1883b, 
pi.  8,  fig.  4.) 


FIG.  36. — Phytaloptera  acu- 
ticauda. Inner  view  of 
lip.  x  165.  (Hainesdel., 
after  Drasche,  18831),  pi. 
8,  fig.  5.) 


MANSON'B  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  43 

PHYSALOPTERA  SP.  PARONA,  1886. 

(Fig.  37.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGKAPHY. 

1885:  Physaloptera  sp.  PARONA,  1886,  pp.  438-439,  pi.  7,  fig.  22.— 
LINSTOW,  1889,  p.  53. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS.  — Physaloptera: 

Male:  Unknown. 

Female:  32  mm.  long.     Head  with  wing-like  ap- 
pendages and  two  or  more  papillae  or  lips. 

HABITAT. — Sacred    ibis,    Ibis    sethiopico;    orbital 
cavity;  Abyssinia  (Parona,  1885).  PIG.  37.— Physaloptera  sp.    Anterior 

TYPE  SPECIMENS. — [?]  end  of  female,  showing  wing-like 

appendages     and    lips.       x    75. 

One  specimen  collected  by  P.  Magretti  in  (Raines  del.,  after  Parona,  1885, 
March,  1888. 

GENUS  SYNGAMTJS  SIEBOLD,  1836. 

GENERIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Strongylidae:  Head  thick.  Mouth  large,  followed  by  a 
chitinous  pharyngeal  capsule. 

Male:  Truncated  posteriorly  with  fan-like  bursa  and  two  spicules. 

Female:  With  a  double  ovary.  Vulva  usually  anterior  of  the  middle  of  the  body. 
Copulation  is  permanent  in  many  species. 

HABITAT. — Usual  habitat  is  the  trachea  and  bronchi  of  birds  and  mammals. 

TYPE  SPECIES. — Syngamus  trachealis  Siebold,  1836. 

SYNGAMUS  LARI  (BLANCHARD,  1849)  STOSSICH,  1899. 

(Figs.  38-40.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1829:  Nemataideum  lari  ridibundi  CREPLIN,  1829b,  p.  36.— IDEM   [1846a,  p.  140] .— DIESING,  1851a,  p. 

321  [as  synonym  of  Strongylus  lari  ridibundi] . — LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  168. 
1837:  Strongylus  sp.  SIEBOLD,  1837,  p.  68.— CREPLIN,  1851b,  p.  289  [=Nematoideum  lari  ridibundi  Creplin, 

1829  =Cyathostoma  lari  Blanchard,  1849] . 
1849:  Cyathostoma  lari  BLANCHARD,  1849a,  pp.  183-185,  pi.  7,  fig.  5.— IDEM  in  CUVIER  [?  date]  (zoophytes), 

pi.  25,  figs.  6,  6a,  66.— DIESING,  1851a,  p.  306  [as  synonym  of  Sclerostomum  cyathostomum]  .—IDEM, 

1861a,  p.  717  [as  synonym  of  Sclerostomum  cyathostomum]. — GERVAIS  <fc  VAN  BENEDEN,  1859b, 

p.  106.— MOLIN,  1861,  p.  561  [as  synonym  of  Sclerostomum  tan'Molin].— RAILLIET,  1898,  p.  402.— 

STOSSICH,  1899,  p.  100  [as  synonym  of  Syngamus  lari\ . 
1851:  Sclerostomum  cyathostoimim  DIESING,  1851a,  pp.  306-307.— IDEM,  1861a,  pp.  717-718.— MOLIN,  1861, 

p.  561  [as  synonym  of  Sclerostomum  lari  Molin] .— LINSTOW,  1878,  p.  167.— PARONA,  1894,  p.  235.— 

MOHLING,  1898,  p.  48. — STOSSICH,  1899,  p.  100  [as  synonym  of  Syngamus  lari]. 
1851:  Strongylus  lari  ridibundi  DIESING,  1851a,  p.  321.— IDEM,  1861a,  p.  718  [us  probable  synonym  of 

Sclerostomum  cyathostomum] . — MCHLING,  1898,  p.  48  [as  synonym  of  Sclerostomum  cyathosto- 

mum]. 
1861:  Sclerostomum  lari  (Blanchard,  1849)  MOLIN,  1861,  p.  561.— STOSSICH,  1899,  p.  100  [as  synonym  of 

Syngamus  lari] . 
1899:  Syngamus  lari  (Blanchard,  1849)  STOSSICH,  1899,  pp.  100-101. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS.—  SyngamuS:  Body,  red  in  color,  attenuated  anteriorly.  Mouth 
opens  into  a  pharyngeal  capsule,  which  is  marked  in  front  by  an  annulation.  Esoph- 
agus is  thick  and  muscular,  and  increases  gradually  in  diameter  posteriorly.  Intes- 
tine rather  sinuous,  with  thin  delicate  walls,  dark  in  color. 


44 


BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


Male:  6  to  8  mm.  long  (Siebold,  1837,  p.  68).     Body  ends  abruptly  behind;  mem- 
branous fan-like  bursa  with  six  rays,  of  which  the  middle  ones  are  the  most  marked; 
two  spicules  of  equal  length.     Testicle  a  single  very  wide 
tube  sinuous  anteriorly. 

Female:  6  to  8  mm.  long  (Creplin,  1829b,  p.  36);  10  mm. 
long  by  0.5  to  0.7  mm.  thick  (Siebold,  1837,  p.  68);  10  to  13 
mm.  long  by  about  1  mm.  thick  (Blanchard,  1849a,  p.  183). 
Body  becomes  gradually  thicker  in  the  anterior  third,  then 
continues  of  equal  thickness  to  the  posterior  extremity.  Tail 
with  slender  conical  tip.  Cuticula  finely  striated.  Esophagus 
equals  about  one-fifteenth  of  the  length  of  the  body.  Ovaries 
two,  widening  into  capacious  uteri,  which  unite  to  form  a 
vagina  of  about  2  mm.  in  length.  The  latter  gradually  de- 
crease in  diameter  toward  the  vulva,  a  large  prominent  open- 
ing, with  salient  lips,  situated  slightly  posterior  of  the  middle 
of  the  body. 

HABITAT. — Black-headed  gull,  Larus  ridibundus;  nasal 
cavity;  ?  Europe  (Creplin,  1829);  orbital  cavity;  Sicily 
(Blanchard,  1849). — Lesser  black-backed  gull,  Larus  fuscus; 
infra-orbital  cells;  ?  Europe  (Siebold,  1837).— Gulls,  Larus 
sp. ;  nasal  fossae;  Belgium  (Gervais  &  Van  Beneden,  1859). 
TYPE  SPECIMENS. — [?] 

Creplin  (1829,  p.  36)  is 
the  first  to  mention  this 
form,  reporting  the  dis- 
covery of  a  single  fe- 
male, found  by  Schilling 
in  1826  in  the  nasal  cav- 
ity of  Larus  ridibundus. 


FIG.  SS.—Syngamus 
lari.  Female.  En- 
larged about  12 
times.  (Halnesdel., 
after  Blanchard, 
in  Cuvier  [?date] 
(zoophytes),  pi.  25, 
fig.  6  A.) 


FIG.  39. — Syngamus 
lari.  Anterior  end 
of  female.  Much 
enlarged.  (Haines 
del.,  after  Blan- 
chard, in  Cuvier 
[?date]  (zoophytes), 
pi.  25,  fig.  6  a.) 


FIG.  40. — Syngamus 
lari.  Vulva.  En- 
larged. (Haines 
del.,  after  Blan- 
chard, in  Cuvier 
[?date]  (zoo- 
phytes), pi.  26, 
fig.  6  b.) 


Siebold  (1837,  p.  68)  reported  a  number  of  males  and  females  found  by 
him  in  the  inf  raorbital  cells  of  Larus  fuscus*  Blanchard  (1849a,  p.  183) 
collected  five  females  from  the  orbit  of  Larus  ridibundus  and  gives  a 


HANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  45 

description  of  the  female.  Gorvais  &  Van  Beneden  (1859b,  p.  106) 
found  three  females  and  two  males  in  the  nasal  fossrc  of  birds  of  the 
genus  Larus  from  Belgium,  and  gave  a  short  description  of  the  male. 

?  GENUS  ASCARIS. 

ASCARIS   LEPTOPTERA   RuDOLPHI   OP   RAVER,    1843;   NOT   RuDOLPHI,    1810. 

Rayer  (1843,  pp.  146,  148,  149,  pi.  4,  figs.  1-10)  mentions  and  figures 
a  worm  from  beneath  the  palpebral  conjunctiva  of  Emb&riza  pecoris 
[=Molothrm  ater\  which  he  identifies  as  Ascaris  leptoptera,  a  species 
described  by  Rudolphi  from  the  esophagus  and  stomach  of  a  lion.  No 
description  is  given,  and  the  figures  are  not  sufficiently  distinctive  to 
enable  one  to  identify  the  form  in  question.  From  the  figures,  the 
head  is  seen  to  possess  lateral  alse,  and  the  tail  has  a  slender  acutely 
pointed  tip.  Most  authors  have  referred  this  form  provisionally  to 
Spiroptera  leptoptera  Rudolphi,  1819,  a  parasite  of  falcons,  but  such  an 
arrangement  seems  hardly  warranted  by  the  facts  in  the  case. 

COMPENDIUM:  or   NEMATODES   PARASITIC   IN  THE  EYES  OF 

BIRDS  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  HOSTS. 

I  am  much  indebted  to  Mr.  H.  C.  Oberholser  of  the  Biological  Sur- 
vey, U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  for  his  generous  assistance  in 
determining  the  present-used  scientific  and  common  names  of  the  hosts 
here  listed,  and  arranging  them  into  orders  and  families. 

The  star  (*)  signifies  that  the  parasite  so  indicated  has  been  reported 
from  the  eye  of  the  host  with  which  it  is  listed. 

ORDER  CRYPTURIFORMES. 

Family 


Crypturus  variegatus  (Latham).     Variegated  tinamou. 
*  [?  Filaria]  tinami  variegati,  p.  38. 

ORDER  CICONIIFORMES. 
Family  CICONIID.E. 

Euxenura  maguari  (Temminck).     South  American  stork. 
[?  Spiroptera]  tenuicauda,  p.  39. 

Family  IBIDID.E. 

Ibis  sdhiopica  (Latham).     Sacred  ibis. 
*Physaloptera  sp.,  p.  43. 

ORDER  FALCONIFORMES. 

Family  FALCONID^E. 

Accipiter  tinus  (Latham).     South  American  sharp-shinned  hawk. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Aquila  maculata  (Gmelin).     Spotted  eagle. 

*[^.0ocyspirura\  stereura,  p.  29. 

*3Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 


46  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

Archibuteo  lagopus  (Gmelin).     Kough-legged  hawk. 

*{?Filaria']  armata,  p.  33. 
Circus  maculosus  (Vieillot) .     Long-winged  harrier. 

Physaloptera  aculicauda,  p.  42. 
Elanus  cseruleus  (Desfontaines).  Black-winged  kite. 

Physaloptera  aculicauda,  p.  42. 
Elanus  leucurus  (Vieillot).  White-tailed  kite. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Falco  sp.  Falcon. 

*Aprocta  ophthalmophaga,  p.  40. 
Falco  sp.     Falcon. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Gampsonyx  sivainsoni  (Vigors).  Vigors  hawk. 

*Filaria  papilloso-annulata,  p.  37. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Geranospizias  ctcrulescens  (Vieillot).  Gray  crane-hawk. 

*[1  Oxyspirura']  papillosa,  p.  27. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Harpyhaliaetus  coronatus  (Vieillot).  Crowned  harpy. 

*  Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Heterospizias  meridionalis  (Latham).     Brown  buzzard. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Leptodon  cayennensis  (Gmelin).  Cayenne  falcon. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Milvus  korschun  (Gmelin).  Black  kite. 

*  Aprocta  orbitalis,  p.  41. 

Parabuteo  unicinctus  (Temminck).     One-banded  buzzard. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Rupornis  magnirostris  (Gmelin).  Large-billed  hawk. 

*  [?  Filaria~]  campanulata,  p.  34. 

Spizaelus  mauduyti  (Daudin).     Brazilian  crested  eagle. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Spiziaster  melanoleucus  (Vieillot).  Vieillot  hawk. 

Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 
Thrasaetus  harpyia  (Linnaeus).  Harpy  eagle. 

*  [?  Oxyspirura]  papillosa,  p.  27. 

Vrubitinga  urubitinga  (Gmelin).     South  American  black  hawk. 
Physaloptera  acuticauda,  p.  42. 

ORDER  GALLIFORMES. 
Family  TURNICID^:. 

Turnix  taigoor  (Sykes).     Indian  bustard-quail. 

*  Oxyspirura  ophthalmica,  p.  26. 

Family  CRACIDJE. 

Crax  fasciolata  (Spix).     Spix  curassow. 

*[?  Oxyspirura']  anolabiata,  p.  21. 
Mitua  tomentosa  (Spix).     Brazilian  mitua. 

*  [1  Spiroptera]  tenuicauda,  p.  39. 
Nolhocrax  urumutum  (Spix).     Urumutu. 

*  [?  Oxyspirura']  heteroclita,  p.  24. 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  47 

Family  PHASIANIDJE. 
Gallus  domeslicus.     Chicken. 

*  Oxyspirura  Mansoni,  pp.  7-20,  25. 
Paw  criMatus  (Linnaeus).     Peafowl. 

,*  Oxyspirura  Mansoni,  pp.  7-20,  25. 

Family  TETRAONID^E. 

Odontophorus  stellatus  (Gould).     Stellated  partridge. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Tetrastes  bonasda  (Linnaeus).     Hazel  hen. 

*  [?  Filaria']  bonasise,  p.  33. 

ORDER  GRUIFORMES. 
Family  CARIAMIDJE. 

Cariama  cristata  (Linnaeus).     Seriema. 
*[tOjcyspirura~\  breripenis,  p.  22. 

ORDER  CHARADRIIFORMES. 
Family  LARID.E:. 

Larusfuscus  Linnaeus.     Lesser  black-backed  gull. 

Syngamus  lari,  p.  43. 
Larus  ridibundus  Linnaeus.     Black-headed  gull. 

*  Syngamus  lari,  p.  43. 
Larus  spp.     Gulls. 

Syngamus  lari,  p.  43. 

Family  TRERONID.E. 

Zoncenas  brenchleyi  (Gray).     Brenchley  fruit  pigeon. 

*  Ceratospira  ophthalmica,  p.  30. 

ORDER  CUCULIFORMES. 
Family  CUCULID^:. 

Centropus  sinensis  (Stephens).     Indian  ground  cuckoo. 

*  Oxyspirura  siamensis,  p.  28. 

Crolophaga  ani  (Linnaeus).     Common  smooth-billed  ani. 

*  Oxyspirura  anacanlhura,  p.  21. 
Crotophaga  major  (Gmelin).     Greater  ani. 

*  Oxyspirura  anacanthura,  p.  21. 

Family  PSITTACID^E. 

Edectus  pectoralis  (Miiller).     Red-sided  eclectus. 

*  Ceratospira  vesiculosa,  p.  30. 
?  Genus.     ?  Species.     Parrot. 

*  Filaria  oculi,  p.  37. 

ORDER  CORACIIFORMES. 
Family  PICID.E. 

Campephilus  robuslus  (Lichtenstein).     Brazilian  ivory-billed  woodpecker. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Campephilus  rubricottis   (Boddaert).     Red-necked  ivory-billed  woodpecker. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 


48  BUBEAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

Celeus  flavescens  (Gmelin).     Black  and  yellow  woodpecker. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Celeus  jumana  (Spix).  Jumana  woodpecker. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Ceophlaus  lineatus  (Linnaeus).  Lineated  woodpecker. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Chloronerpes  aurulentus  (Temminck).  Brazilian  green  woodpecker. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Chloronerpes  leucolsemus  (Malherbe).  White-throated  green  woodpecker. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Veniliornis passerinus  (Linnaeus).  Sparrow  woodpecker. 

*Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 

Family  MOMOTIDJE. 

Momotus  momota  (Linnaeus).     Motmot. 
*0xyspirura  cephaloptera,  p.  23. 

Family  STKIGID^:. 

Ninox  scwlulata  (Raffles).     Burmese  hawk  owl. 

*[?  Spiroptera]  Feai,  p.  39. 
Otus  choliba  (Vieillot).  Brazilian  screech  owl. 

*0xyspirura  brevisubulata,  p.  23. 


Asio  (=Bubo  sp.)    Eagle  owl. 
*?  Filaria  altenuata,  p.  33. 


Family  ASIONID.E. 


Family  CAPRIMULGID^E. 

Caprimulgus  europseus  Linnaeus,  or  C.  segyptius  Lichtenstein.     Nightjar. 
*?  Spiroptera  caprimulgi,  p.  38. 

ORDER  PASSERIFORMES. 
Family  DENDROCOLAPTID^;. 

Xiphorhynchus  procurvus  (Temminck ) .     Curve-bill  woodhewer. 

*  [?  Filaria']  dendrocolaptis  procurvi  lacrymalis,  p.  35. 

Family  FURNARIID.E. 

Furnarius  leucopus  Swainson.     Pale-footed  oven-bird. 

Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 
Furnarius  rufus  (Gmelin).     Red  oven-bird. 

Fuaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 

Family  FORMICARIID^;. 

Chamxza  brevicauda  (Vieillot).     Short-tailed  ant-thrush. 

*  [?  Filaria]  myotherx  companisonse,  p.  35. 

?  Family  TYRANNIES. 

Muscicapa  ep.     [=  ?  genus.    ?  species.] 
?  Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  49 

Family  TURDID.E. 

Aedon  luscinia  (Linnaeus).     Thrush  nightingale. 

?  Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 
Erithacus  rubecula  (Linnaeus).  Robin  redbreast. 

Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 
PetropMla  cyanus  Linnaeus.  Blue  rock-thrush. 

*  Aprocta  cylindrica,  p.  40. 
Saxicola cenanthe  (Linnaeus).     Wheatear. 

?  Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 
Saxicola  ruf a  (Stephens).  Russet  wheatear. 

*  Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31 . 
Saxicola  sp. 

?  Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 
Turdus  olivascens  (doubtful  form;  name  not  found  in  ornithological  literature). 

*  [?  Filaria]  turdi  ofivascentis  palpebralis,  p.  38. 
Turdus  pilaris  Linnaeus.     Fieldfare. 

?  Filaria  abbreinata,  p.  31. 
Turdus  viscivorus  Linnaeus.     Mistletoe  thrush. 
?  Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 

Family  SYLVIID^E. 

Melizophilus  melanocephalus  (Guielin).     Sardinian  warbler. 

Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 
Phylloscopus  minor  (Forster).  Chiff chaff. 

*  [?  Filaria]  sylvise,  p.  37. 

Family  TROGLODYTID..E. 

Cistothorus  polyglottus  (Vieillot).     Brazilian  short-billed  marsh  wren. 
Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 

Family  CORVID^E. 

Corvus  cor  one  Linnaeus.     Black  crow. 

*  ?  Filaria  attenuata,  p.  33. 
Corvus  frugilegus  Linnaeus.     Rook. 

*  Oxyspirura  sygmoidea,  p.  29. 

Family  LANIID^:. 

Lanius  minor  Gmelin.     Lesser  gray  shrike. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Lanius  senator  Linnaeus.  Pomerine  shrike. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,. p.  35. 
Lanius  rutilus  Latham.  Rufous  shrike. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Lanius  sp. 

Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 
Lanius  sp. 

?  Filaria  obtusocaudata,  p.  35. 

Family  MOTACILLID^:. 

Motacilla  alba  Linnaeus.     White  wagtail. 
?  Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 

Family  ICTERID^;. 

Amblyrhamphus  holosericeus  (Scopoli).     Scarlet-headed  marsh-bird. 
Filaria  abbreviata,  p.  31. 
4241— No.  60—04 4 


50  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

Icterus  croconotus  Gray.     Orange- backed  troupial. 

*0xyspirura.  cephaloptera,  p.  23. 
Megaquiscalus  major  (Vieillot).     Boat-tailed  grackle. 

*Filaria  drrura,  p.  34. 
Mololhrus  ater  (Boddaert).     Cowbird. 

*Ascaris  leploptera  of  Rayer,  p.  45. 

Family  TANAGRID^E. 

Ramphocelus  jacapa  (Linnams).     .Tacapa  tanager. 
Filaria  abbreviate,  p.  31. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

[The  references  may  be  consulted  at  the  Governmental  libraries  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  as  designated: 
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GESCHEIDT,  [LUDOVICUS]  ANTONIUS. 

1833  a. — Die  Entozoen  des  Auges.     Eine  naturhistorische,  ophthalmonosologi- 

sche  Skizze  <Ztschr.  f.  d.  Ophth.,  Dresd.,  v.  3  (4),  pp.  405-462.     [W».] 

1834  a. — Ueber  die  Entozoen  des  Auges.     [Review  of  Gescheidt,  1833  a]  <Notiz. 

a.  d.  Geb.  d.  Nat-  u.  Heilk.,  Weimar  (840),  v.  39  (4),  Jan.,  pp.  52- 
55.  [Wm.] 

GURLT,  E[RNST]  F[RIEDRICH]. 

1845  a. — Verzeichniss  der  Thiere,  bei  welchen  Entozoen  gefunden  worden  sind 
<Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.,  11.  J.,  v.  1,  pp.  223-325;  330-336.     [W8.] 
LEIDY,  JOSEPH. 

1886.— Notices  of  nematoid  worms  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.,  Phila.  [3.  s.,  v.  16] 
(3),  Oct.,  pp.  308-313,  1  fig.     [pp.  308-312  published  Oct.  12;  p-.  313 
published  Oct.  26.]     [W,  Wc.] 
LEUCKART,  RUDOLF. 

1876. — Die  menschlichen  Parasiten  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krank- 
heiten.     Ein  Hand-  und  Lehrbuch  fiir  Naturforscher  und  Aerzte.    v.  2, 
Lief.  3,  pp.  513-882,  figs.  283-401.     8°.     Leipzig  &  Heidelberg.     [Wa.] 
VON  LINSTOW,  OTTO. 

1878. — Compendium  der  Helminthologie.  Ein  Verzeichniss  der  bekannten  Kel- 
minthen,  die  frei  oder  in  thierischen  Korpern  leben,  geordnet  nach 
ihren  Wohnthieren,  unter  Angabe  der  Organe,  in  denen  sie  gefunden 
sind,  und  mit  Beifiigung  der  Litteraturquellen.  xxii-f382  pp.  8°. 
Hannover.  [Published  May  16.]  [Wa,  Lib.  Stiles.] 


52  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

1879. — Helminthologische  Untersuchungen  <Jahresh.  d.  Ver.  f.  vaterl.  Naturk. 

in  Wiirttemb.,  Stuttg.,  v.  35,  pp.  313-342,  pi.  5,  figs.  1-24.     [Wc.] 
1883. — Nematoden,  Trematoden  und  Acanthocephalen,   gesammelt  von  Prof. 

Fedtschenko  in  Turkestan  <Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.,  49,  J.,  v.  1  (2),  pp. 

274-314,  pis.  6-9,  figs.  1-52.     [W8.] 
1886. — [Nematodes,  trematodes,  and  acanthocephala  collected  by  Fedschencko 

in  Turkestan.]     [Russian  text]  <Izviest.  Imp.  Obsh.  Liub.,  Estest- 

vozn.,   Antrop.,   Moskva,  v.  34   (3),  40  pp.,  55  figs.      (Fedschenko. 

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1889. — Compendium  der  Helminthologie.     Nachtrag.     Die  Litteratur  der  Jahre 

1878-1889.     xvi+151  pp.     8°.     Hannover.     [W,  Lib.  Stiles.] 
1898. — Nemathelminthen  gesammelt  von  Herrn  Prof.  Dr.  F.  Dahl  im  Bismarck- 

Archipel  <Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.   (1897),  63.  J.,  v.  1  (3),  Marz,  pp. 

281-291,  pis.  21-22,  figs.  1-21.     [W%  W8.] 
1901. — Beobachtungen  an  Helminthen  des  Serikenbergischen  naturhistorischen 

Museums,  des  Breslauer  Zoologischen  Instituts  und  anderen  <Arch.  f. 

mikr.  Anat.,  Bonn,  v.  58  (1),  25.  Mai,  pp.  182-198,  pis.  8-9,  figs.  1-30. 

[Wm.] 
1901. — Helminthen  von  den  Ufern  des  Nyassa-Sees,  ein  Beitrag  zur  Helminthen- 

Fauna  von  Sitd-Afrika  <Jenaische  Ztschr.  f.  Naturw.,  Jena,  v.  35, 

n.  F.,  v.  28   (4),  20.  Apr.,  pp.   409-428,  pis.  13-14,  figs. -1-34,  A-E. 

[W",  W»] 
1903. — Parasiten,  meistens  Helminthen,  aus  Siam  <CArch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  Bonn, 

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DE  MAGALHAES,  PEDRO  S. 

1888. — Notes  helminthologicas  <Rev.  brazil,  de  med.,  Rio  de  Jan.,  v.  1  (1) 

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1895. — Notes  d'helminthologie  bresilienne.     (Quatriemenote)  <Bull.  Soc.  zool. 

de  France,  Par.,  v.  20  (10),  d6c.,  pp.  241-244.     [Wa.] 
MOLIN,  RAFFAELE. 

1858. — Versuch  einer  Monographic  der  Filarien  <Sitzungsb.  d.  k.   Akad.  d. 

Wissensch.,  Wien,  Math.-naturw.  Cl.,  v.  28  (5),  11.  Feb.,  pp.  365-461, 

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1860. — Una  monografia  del  genere  Spiroptera.     [Read  15.  Dec.  1859]  <Sitzungsb. 

d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wissensch.,  Wien,  Math.-naturw.  Cl.  (1859),  v.38  (28), 

pp.  911-1005.     [W8.] 
1860. — Una  monografia  del  genere  Physaloptera.      [Read  9.  Feb.]  <Sitzungsb. 

d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wissensch.,  Wien,  Math.-naturw.  Cl.,  v.  39  (5),  pp. 

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[1861]. — II  sottordine  degli  acrofalli  ordinato  scientificamente  secondo  i  risulta- 

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633,  pis.  25-33.     [W9,  VVC.] 
MUHLING,  PAUL. 

1898. — Die  Helminthen-Fauna  der  Wirbeltiere  Ostpreussens  <Arch.  f.  Naturg., 

Berl.,  64.  J.,  v.  1  (1),  Mai,  pp.  1-118,  pis.  1-4,  figs.  1-28.     [MS.  dated 

Dec.  1897.]     [Wv] 
NEUMANN,  L.  G. 

1888. — Trait^  des  maladies  parasitaires  non  microbiennes  des  anirnaux  domes- 

tiques.     xv-f  673  pp.,  306  figs.     8°.     Paris.     [WB.] 
1892.— Idem.     2.  e\l.,  xvi+767  pp.,  364  figs.     8°.     Paris.     [W8.] 


MANSON'S  EYE  WORM  OF  CHICKENS.  53 

1892. — A  treatise  on  the  parasites  and  parasitic  diseases  of  the  domesticated 
animals.  Translated  and  edited  by  George  Fleming,  xxiii-f-800  pp., 
364  figs.  8°.  London.  [Wa.] 

VON   NORDMANN,  ALEXANDER. 

1832. — Mikrographische  Beitriige  zur  Naturgeschichte  der  wirbellosen  Thiere. 

1.  Heft,  x+118  pp.,  10  pis.     4°.     Berlin.     [Lib.  Stiles.] 
PARONA,  CORRADO. 

1885. — Di  alcuni  elminti  raccolti  nel  Sudan  orientale  da  O.  Beccari  e  P.  Magretti 

<Ann.  Mus.  civ.  di  storia  nat.  di  Genova,  v.  22,  2.  s.,  v.  2,  7  ottobre, 

pp.  424-445,  pis.  6-7,  figs.  1-25.     [W8.] 

1889. — Intorno  all'  Ascaris  halicoris,  Owen,  ed  a  qualche  altro  nematode  raccolti 

in  Assab  dal  Pott.  V.  Ragazzi  <Ann.  Mus.  civ.  di  storia  nat.  di  Genova, 

v.  27,  2.  s.,  v.  7,  10  ottobre,  pp.  751-764,  figs.  1-5,  pi.  13,  figs.  1-16. 

[VV.] 
1889. — Sopra  alcuni  elminti   di  vertebrati   birmani  raccolti  da'  Leonardo  Fea 

<Ann.  Mus.  civ.  di  storia  nat.  di  Genova,  v.  27,  2.  s.,  v.  7, 10-14  ottobre, 

pp.  765-780,  pi.  3,  figs.  1-18.     [W8.] 
1894. — L'  elmintologia  italiana  da'  suoi  primi  tempi  all'  anno  1890.     Storia  siste- 

matica,  corologia  e  bibliografia  <Atti  r.  Univ.  di  Genova  (1894-95), 

v.  13,  733  pp.,  map.     [Lib.  Stiles.] 
RAILLIET,  A. 

1893. — Trait6  de  zoologie  medicale  et  agricole.     2.  ed.,  fasc.  1,  736  pp.,  494  figs. 

8°.     Paris.     [Wft.] 
1898. — Syngamose  tracheo-bronchique  de  1'oie  domestique  <^Compt.  rend.  Soc. 

de  biol.,  Par.,  10.  s.,  v.  5  (13),  8  avril,  pp.  400-402.     [Wa,  Wm.] 
RANSOM,  BRAYTON  HOWARD. 

1904. — Manson's  eye  worm  of  chickens  (Oxyspirura  Mansoni),  with  a  general 

review  of  nematodes  parasitic  in  the  eyes  of  birds  <^Bull.  60,  Bureau 

Animal  Indust.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Wash.,  pp.  1-54,  figs.  1-40,  pi.  1. 

[W*] 
RAYER,  P. 

1843. — Note  additionnelle  sur  les  vers  observes  dans  Preil  ou  dans  1'orbite  des 

animaux  vertebres  <^Arch.  de  med.  comp.   (Rayer),  Par.,  v.  1,  pp. 

113-154.     [Wm.] 
RUDOLPHI,  KARL  ASMUND. 

1819. — Entozoorum  synopsis  cui  accedunt  mantissa  duplex  et  indices  locuple- 

tissimi.     x+811  pp.,  3  pis.     8°.     Berolini.     [W».] 
SCHNEIDER,  ANTON. 

1866. — Monographic  der  Nematoden.     viiif  357pp.,  130 figs.,  28  pis.    4°.  Berlin. 

[W*.] 
SHIPLEY,  ARTHUR  E. 

1903. — On  a  collection  of  parasites  from  the  Soudan  <Arch.  de  parasitol.,  Par., 

v.  6  (4),  ler  fev.,  pp.  604-612,  pi.  7,  figs.  1-9.     [W\] 

SlEBOLD. 

1837. — Zusatz  zum  vorhergehenden  Aufsatze  [Nathusius,  Hermann,  1837,  pp. 

52-65]  <Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  Berl.,  4.  J.,  v.  1,  pp.  66-68.     [W8.] 
STOSSICH,  MICHELE. 

1897. — Filarie  e  spiroptere.     Lavoro  monografico.     pp.   13-162.     8°,     Trieste. 

[Lib.  Stiles.] 
1898.— Idem.     <Boll.  Soc.  adriat.  di  sc.  nat.  in  Trieste,  v.  18,  pp.  13-162.     [Wa.] 


54  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

STOSSICH,  MICHELE — Continued. 

1899. — Strongylidse.  Lavoro  monografico.  [Reprint  from  Boll.  Soc.  adriat.  di 
sc.  nat,  in  Trieste,  v.  19,  pp.  55-152.]  98  pp.  8°.  Trieste.  [Lib. 
Stiles.] 

1902. — Sopra  alcuni  nematodi  della  collezione  elmintologica  del  Prof.  Dott.  Cor- 
rado  Parona  <Atti  Soc.  Ligust.  d.  sc.  nat.  e.  geogr.,  Genova,  v.  13  (2), 
giugno,  pp.  61-76,  pis.  3-5,  figs.  1-38.     [Wc.] 
"C.  W.  W." 

1891. — F'daria  oculi  in  a  parrot  <Am.  Vet.  Rev.,  N.  Y.,  v.  15  (5),  Aug.,  p.  290. 

[W%  Wm.] 
WALTER,  H. 

1866. — Helminthologische  Studien  <7.  Ber.  .  .  .  d.  Offenbacher  Ver.  f.  Naturk. 

(1865-66),  pp.  51-79,  pi.  1,  figs.  1-6.     [Wm.] 
WESTRUMB,  AUG.  HENR.  LUDOV. 

1821. — De  helminthibus  acanthocephalis.  Commentatio  historico-anatomica 
adnexo  recensu  aninialium,  in  Museo  Vindobonensi  circa  helminthes 
dissectorum,  et  singularuni  specierum  harum  in  illis  repertaruni.  2 
p.  1.,  85pp.,  3  pis.  fol.  Hanoverse.  [Lib.  Stiles.] 


NOTES  ON  THE  SPINY-SlMERED  TAPEWORMS  OF 

.  CHICKENS 

(DAVAINEA  ECHINOBOTHRIDA  (-TJNIA  BOTRIOPLITES)  AND  D.  TETRAGONA). 

By  B.  H.  RANSOM,  B.  Sc.,  A.  M., 
Scientific  Assistant  in  Charge  of  Zoological  Laboratory,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

Authors  generally  have  looked  upon  Tdenia  botrioplites  Piana,  1881, 
a  spiny-suckered  tapeworm  producing  tubercle-like  nodules  in  the 
intestines  of  chickens,  as  sj^nonymous  with  the  worm  very  incom- 
pletely described  by  Molin  (1858,  1861)  under  the  name  of  Tsenia 
tetragona.  Tsenia  echinobothrida  Megnin  1880  has  also  been  consid- 
ered by  some  (Stiles,  1896,  p.  52)  to  belong  to  the  same  species,  but 
more  commonly  (Blanchard,  1891t,  pp.  433,  436;  Railliet,  1893,  pp. 
306-307)  recognized  as  distinct  from  tetragona,  while  lotrioplites  has 
been  looked  upon  as  a  synonym  of  tetragona. 

As  will  be  shown  in  this  paper  my  own  observations  have  led  me 
to  conclusions  in  regard  to  these  forms  somewhat  different  from 
any  yet  presented.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  one  of  the  worms  is 
responsible  for  a  serious  disease  of  chickens,  while  the  other,  with 
which  it  has  been  much  confused  in  the  past  on  account  of  its  great 
similarity  in  structure,  appears  to  be  comparatively  harmless,  I  believe 
a  detailed  discussion  of  my  investigations,  which  seem  to  clear  up  a 
number  of  obscure  points,  will  not  be  without  value  and  interest. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION  AND  HISTORICAL  VIEW. 

In  connection  with  the  present  discussion  a  rather  extensive  con- 
sideration of  the  worms  in  question  from  the  historical  standpoint  is 
necessary,  and  to  this  purpose  I  have  quoted  liberally  from  the  com- 
prehensive review  given  by  Stiles  (1896).  That  author  (1896,  p.  50) 
comments  as  follows  on  the  original  description  of  Tsenia  tetragona 
Molin,  1858: 

Like  most  of  Molin's  descriptions,  this  diagnosis  gives  us  but  little  information 
concerning  the  parasite  he  had  before  him.  It  should  be  noticed,  however,  that  he 
(probably  erroneously )  describes  the  rostelluni  as  unarmed,  the  neck  as  short  (a  char- 
acter of  little  or  no  value),  the  posterior  segments  subquadrate  and  imbricate,  the 
genital  pores  as  unilateral,  the  length  of  the  worm  as  12  mm.  to  90  mm.,  breadth  as 
2  mm.  In  other  words,  there  is  neither  a  single  distinctive  character  nor  a  collec- 
tion of  characters  given  in  this  diagnosis.  In  his  second  paper  (1861,  pp.  254-255, 

55 


56  BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

pi.  7,  figs.  5-8)  Molin  repeats  this  diagnosis,  gives  four  figures  of  the  worm  which 
are  almost  useless  except  fig.  7,  in  which  the  genital  pores  are  figured  in  the  middle 
of  the  lateral  margin,  and  in  which  some  irregularly  shaped  masses  are  drawn,  which 
evidently  represent  egg  capsules.  He  also  adds  three  observations  to  the  effect  that 
he  collected  42  specimens  from  one  chicken,  of  which  number  only  2  were  mature, 
the  others  being  very  small.  He  describes  a  mosaic  structure  of  the  segment  caused 
by  egg  capsules,  each  of  which  contains  from  5  to  20  ova.  Although  the  rostellum  is 
unarmed,  the  form  differs  in  organization  from  the  other  unarmed  forms.  These 
are  all  the  characters  ever  given  by  Molin  to  the  species,  and  it  must,  indeed,  be 
admitted  that  they  are  not  sufficient  to  determine  any  worm  with  certainty.  Molin' s 
diagnosis,  without  the  type  specimens,  is  therefore  useless. 

In  addition  to  what  Stiles  has  given  it  may  be  noted  that  in  Molin's 
fig.  7  the  genital  pore  in  one  of  the  segments  is  shown  at  the  middle  of 
the  lateral  margin;  in  the  other  two  slightly  in  front  of  the  middle.  It 
may  also  be  stated  here  that  a  portion  of  Molin's  original  material, 
presented  by  the  Vienna  Museum  to  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
is  preserved  in  the  Helminthological  Collection  of  the  latter,  No.  1389. 
An  examination  of  this  material,  however,  so  far  as  any  positive  results 
regarding  T.  tetragona  were  concerned,  proved  disappointing.  Only 
a  few  small  fragments  were  present,  evidently  representing  some  of 
the  forty  small  specimens  mentioned  \>y  Molin,  and  these  were  identical 
with  Ilymenolepis  carioca  (Magalhaes,  1898).  Neither  of  the  two  large 
worms  of  which  Molin  speaks  and  chiefly  upon  which  he  seems  to  have 
based  his  diagnosis  was  present.  If  still  in  existence  they  probably 
remain  with  the  rest  of  the  material  in  the  Vienna  Museum,  and  from 
these  only  may  the  identity  of  Molin's  species  be  determined  with 
absolute  certainty. 

Stiles  (1896,  p.  50)  continues  his  discussion  as  follows: 

As  far  as  any  original  observations  are  concerned  Molin's  species  T,  telragona  then 
rested  fora  number  of  years.  In  1880  Megnin  (1880,  p.  119)  mentioned  T.  echino- 
bothrida  *  *  *.  In  1881  two  parasites  of  chickens,  very  similar  to  if  not  identical 
with  T.  tetragona,  were  described  as  new.  Megnin  described  and  figured  T.  echino- 
bothrida  as  a  new  species  with  the  characters  given  in  the  diagnosis  above  [Stiles, 
1896,  p.  49].  A  careful  study  of  both  figures  and  description  shows  that  the  most 
important  characters  at  present  to  be  considered  are  the  hooks  upon  the  rostellum, 
said  to  be  about  100  in  number,  8  //  long,  the  rows  of  hooks  upon  the  suckers  (6-7 
rows),  those  of  the  middle  row  being  the  largest;  genital  pores  irregularly  alternate; 
eggs  90  n  in  diameter,  spherical,  arranged  in  groups  of  6-7  in  roundish  egg  capsules. 

In  March  of  the  same  year  (1881)  Piana  (1882,  pp.  387-391,  1  pi.)  presented  a 
paper  before  the  Accademia  delle  Scienze  di  Bologna,  in  which  he  described  as  a  new 
species  T.  bothrioplitis  [Taenia  botrioplites  Piana,  1881,  pp.  84-85],  a  cestode  which  he 
found  causing  serioua  damage  to  poultry,  producing  tubercles  in  the  intestine.  The 
chief  zoological  characters  taken  as  a  basis  for  the  species  are  as  follows: 

Head,  0.35  mm.  in  diameter;  retractile  hemispherical  rostellum  armed  with  hooks 
(number  not  given,  but  evidently  ca.  200,  form  shown  in  drawing);  suckers  with 
seven  or  eight  concentric  rows  of  hooks  (form  as  per  drawing),  hooks  not  all  of  same 
size;  neck  very  long,  containing  ovoid  calcareous  corpuscles;  genital  pores  unilateral, 
situated  somewhat  below  (distallyl  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margin;  cirrus  short, 
pyriform;  eggs  in  egg  sacs. 


SPINY-SUCKERED   TAPEWORMS    OF    CHICKENS.  57 

*  *  *  Piana  was  acquainted  with  M6gnin's  paper,  but  separated  his  form  from 
M^gnin's  species  chiefly  on  account  of  the  form  of  the  hooks  on  the  suckers,  the 
number  of  the  hooks  on  the  rostellum,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  genital  pores. 
Krabbe  (1882,  pp.  361-362,  pi.  2,  figs.  55-60)  published  as  Ticnia  telragona  Molin 
some  cestodes  which  Fedschenko  had  found  in  chickens  in  Turkestan.  He  admits 
the  total  inadequacy  of  Molin' s  figures  and  descriptions,  but  determines  his  speci- 
mens as  T.  tetragona  on  account  of  the  egg  capsules.  The  characters  given  are  as 
follows: 

Length  to  250  mm. ;  breadth,  1.6  mm. ;  posterior  segments,  1.2  mm.  long  by  1.6  mm. 
broad.  Head  provided  with  a  short  and  broad  retractile  rostellum,  surrounded  by 
about  200  hooks  arranged  in  a  double  row;  hooks  measured  6  ju  long  from  the  apex  of 
the  prong  to  the  end  of  the  dorsal  root;  ventral  root  11  /<  long;  suckers  surrounded  by 
several  rows  of  *  *  *  [variable  unstable  hooks  similar  to  those  of  T.  australis.] 
Genital  pores  unilateral;  cirrus  smooth,  21  fj.  long  by  8  //  thick.  Eggs  arranged  in 
egg  sacs,  10-12  ova  in  a  group,  40  to  ca.  90  groups  in  a  segment. 

Since  Krabbe's  paper,  authors  have  as  a  rule  accepted  T.  tetragona  as  a  good  species. 
Blanchard  (1891,  pp.  433,  436)  recognized  D.  echinobothrida  as  a  distinct  species; 
recognized  D.  telragona  (Molin)  as  valid,  and  made  T.  bothrioplitis  a  synonym  of 
D.  tetragona.  Grassi  &  Rovelli  ( 1892,  p.  84)  claim  to  have  recognized  both  T1.  tetra- 
gona Molin  and  T.  bothrioplitis  Piana,  and  state  that  they  have  found  both  forms; 
T.  echinobothrida  Megnin  they  did  not  find,  but  they  think  it  is  possibly  identical 
with  T.  bothrioplitis  Piana.  Railliet  ( 1893,  pp.  306-307)  has  followed  Blanchard  (1891). 

From  the  above  it  is  questionable  whether  Molin' s  specific  name  tetragona  can  be 
retained  unless  the  originals  can  be  found  and  redescribed,  for  the  description  given  by 
Molin  is  unrecognizable  without  the  types.  It  might  possibly  be  retained  upon  the 
ground  that  it  is  impossible  to  show  that  T.  tetragona  of  present  authors  is  not  iden- 
tical with  T.  tetragona  Molin.  I  refrain  temporarily  from  suppressing  the  name,  as 
I  hope  the  types  may  be  reexamined.  Krabbe's  description  of  T.  tetragona  can  hardly 
be  taken  into  consideration  in  this  question,  as  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  his 
specimens  are  identical  with  Molin's  forms,  and  as  Krabbe  himself  admits  the  use- 
lessness  of  Molin's  description  and  figures.  The  differences  between  the  species 
described  by  these  three  authors  (Megnin,  Piana,  and  Krabbe)  are  very  slight  and 
can  for  the  most  part  be  explained  by  contraction,  insufficiency  of  material,  and  lack 
of  details.  The  description  of  the  hooks  of  the  suckers  of  T.  echinobothrida  (as  being 
so  simple)  should,  I  believe,  be  taken  with  reserve.  The  hooks  are  very  small  and 
not  easily  studied.  The  fact  that  the  genital  pores  are  described  as  irregularly  alter- 
nate by  M£gnin  and  unilateral  by  Piana  and  Krabbe  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  a  serious 
difference  in  this  genus.  This  opinion,  radical  as  it  may  appear,  is  based  upon  the 
following  observations: 

The  worms  which  Doctor  Moore  found  producing  a  nodular  disease  in  chickens 
give  rise  to  the  same  pathological  conditions  as  the  form  described  by  Piana,  and 
agree  with  Piana's  species  in  regard  to  the  armed  rostellum,  the  form  and  size  of  th'e 
hooks,  both  on  the  rostellum  and  suckers,  and  in  almost  every  other  character  men- 
tioned by  Piana.  The  genital  pores  vary  in  different  specimens.  In  some  speci- 
mens they  are  entirely  unilateral;  in  other  specimens  all  but  one  or  two  may  be  on 
the  same  side  of  the  worm,  in  fact  it  is  often  necessary  to  mount  the  entire  strobila 
before  it  is  possible  to  find  an  alternating  pore;  in  still  other  specimens  the  pores 
are  extremely  irregular.  The  specimens  with  irregularly  alternate  genital  pores 
agree  in  all  other  respects,  so  far  as  I  can  see,  with  Piana's  form.  The  only  differ- 
ence between  these  specimens  and  Megnin' s  description  appears  to  be  (1)  the  num- 
ber of  hooks  upon  the  rostellum  (Megnin  estimates  them  at  about  100,  the  American 
form  possesses  ca.  200-208);  (2)  the  form  of  the  hooks  on  the  suckers  (in  Me'gnin's 
form  the  largest  hooks  are  in  the  center  row,  in  the  American  form  the  largest 


58 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


hooks  are  those  of  the  external  row).  This  latter  point  of  difference  should  not  be 
given  too  much  weight,  as  Megnin  evidently  made  no  microtome  sections,  and  this 
point  could  hardly  be  established  definitely  otherwise. 

In  short,  I  incline  to  the  belief  that  tetragona,  echinobothrida,  and  bothrioplitis  all 
represent  one  and  the  same  species. 

I  have  had  opportunity  to  examine  a  large  amount  of  tapeworm 
material  collected  from  chickens  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States, 


FIG.  41.— Head  of  Davainea  tetra- 
gona.   Enlarged.    Original. 


FIG.  42. — Head  of  Davainea  echinobothrida 
Enlarged.    Original. 


and  so  far  have  found  five  distinct  species — Hymenolepis  carioca, 
Choanotsenia  infundibitUformis,  Davainea  cesticillus,  and  two  spiny- 
suckered  forms.  The  last  are  fairly  common  and  occasionally  occur 


Fio.  43.— Hooks  from  the  rostellum 
of  Davainea  tetragona.  Enlarged. 
Original. 


FIG.  44. — Hooks  from  the  rostellum 
of  Davainea  echinobothrida.  En- 
larged. Original. 


together  in  the  same  host.  They  are  very  similar  to  each  other  in 
size  and  general  appearance,  possessing,  besides  armed  suckers,  hooks 
on  the  rostellum,  and  numerous  egg  capsules.  They  show,  however, 
certain  distinct  anatomical  differences  and,  what  is  important,  differ 


8PINY-SUCKERED    TAPEWORMS    OF    CHICKENS.  59 

very  materially  in  their  effects  upon  their  hosts.  One  of  them  is  the 
form  found  by  Moore  (1895)  producing  nodules  in  the  intestines  of 
chickens,  and  considered  by  Stiles  (1896)  identical  with  T.  lotrioplites 
Piana  as  well  as  with  T.  echinobothrida  Megnin  and  T.  tetragona  Molin 
of  Krabbe.  There  can  scarcely  be  any  question  as  to  the  identity  of 
this  form  with  the  European  species  lotrioplites.  Not  only  does  it 
and  the  intestinal  lesions  produced  by  it  agree  perfectly  with  Piana's 
description,  as  Stiles  has  remarked,  but  it  also  agrees  with  specimens 
[B.  A.  I.  Collection  No.  1069]  which  I  have  examined  of  tapeworms 
collected  from  chickens  in  Genoa  and  identified  by  Parona  as  T. 
botrioplitis.  With  these  specimens  is  a  piece  of  intestine  showing  the 
characteristic  nodules.  There  is  also  perfect  correspondence  with  the 
descriptions  of  the  worms  producing  similar  lesions  found  by  Ratz 
(1898)  and  other  European  authors.  This  species  is  characterized  in 


FIG.  45.— Hooks  from  the  suckers  '0/M' 

of    Davainea    tetragona.      En-  Fro-   46.— Hooks   from    the    suckers    of    Davainea 

larged.    Original.  echinobothrida.    Enlarged.    Original. 

part  by  the  possession  on  the  rostellum  of  a  double  row  of  about  200 
hooks,  10  to  13  jn  long  (extreme  length  as  measured  in  isolated  hooks), 
and  on  the  suckers  a  number  of  rows  of  hooks  of  variable  size,  the 
smallest  6  p  and  the  largest  12  to  15  /t  in  extreme  length.  The  gen- 
ital pores  of  this  species,  usually  irregularly  alternate,  are  situated 
behind  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margin  of  the  segments,  and  the 
cirrus  pouch  is  large,  measuring  130  to  180  /i  in  length.  In  con- 
tracted specimens  the  neck  is  very  thickset,  and  the  head  in  general 
is  exactly  similar  in  appearance  to  Megnin's  figure  of  the  head  of 
T.  echinobothrida  (Megnin,  1881,  pi.  5,  fig.  2). 

The  other  species  of  spiny-suckered  worm  occurring  in  American 
chickens  possesses  a  less  conspicuous  rostellum  than  the  first  form.  It 
is  armed  with  a  single  crown  of  about  100  hooks,  which  measure  in 
extreme  length  6  to  8  /*,  and  acetabular  hooks  3  to  8  /*  long.  The 
genital  pores  are  generally  unilateral,  and  are  situated  in  front  of  or 


60 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


at  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margin  of  the  segments.  The  cirrus 
pouch  is  small,  measuring  75  to  100  >u  in  length.  This  species  also 
shows  an  important  difference  from  the  other  in  that  it  does  not  seem 
to  produce  nodules  in  the  intestine  of  its  host,  so  far  at  least  as  my 
observations  go.  This  is  probably  to  be  explained  by  the  smaller  size 


FIG.  47. — Segment  of  Davainea  tetrayona  showing  the  reproductive  organs.    Enlarged. 

Original. 

of  the  hooks.  It  may  also  be  remarked  here  that  nodules  are  not 
always  to  be  found  associated  with  the  presence  of  the  former  species; 
cases  are  frequently  seen  in  which  the  adult  worms  occur  without 
apparent  intestinal  lesions.  It  is  especialty  in  association  with  the 
presence  of  young  worms  that  nodules  are  found. 

Although  Megnin's  descrip- 
tion of  T.  echinobothrida  leaves 
much  to  be  desired,  I  believe  it 
is  sufficiently  distinct,  all  things 
considered  and  making  allow- 
ances for  possible  errors  of  in- 
terpretation by  Meguin,  to 
enable  us  to  state  with  tolerable 
certainty  that  T.  echinobothrida 
and  T.  hotrioplites  are  one  and 

the  same  form.  It  further  seems  evident  that  Krabbe  (1882)  based  his 
description  of  T.  tetragona  partly  on  specimens  of  echinobothrida  and 
partly  on  specimens  of  the  small-hooked  form.  The  details  concerning 
the  head:  200  hooks  arranged  in  a  double  row  on  the  rostellum;  the 
hooks  0  /*  long  from  the  apex  of  the  prong  to  the  end  of  the  dorsal 
root;  ventral  root  11  /*  long,  certainly  correspond  mo  re*  nearly  to  the 
former  species,  while  the  unilateral  arrangement  of  the  genital  pores 
agrees  more  closely  with  the  normal  condition  in  the  latter.  Krabbe's 
drawings  of  segments  also  suggest  the  latter  species  in  that  the  genital 
pore  in  both  drawings  is  farther  anterior  than  is  normal  in  echinobo- 
thrida, and  the  cirrus  pouch  is  much  too  small  for  echinobothrida :-, 
although,  to  judge  from  the  scale  of  magnification  given  by  Krabbe, 
slightly  larger  than  is  usual  in  the  small-hooked  species. 


FIG.  48. — Segment  of  Davainea  echinobothrida  showing 
the  reproductive  organs.    Enlarged.    Original. 


SPINY-SUCKERED   TAPEWOEMS    OF    CHICKENS. 


61 


FIG.  49.— Gravid  segment  of  Davainea  tetragona 
Enlarged.    Original. 


The   extensive   description   and   numerous  figures,  which   Filippi 
(1892a,  pp.  75-78,  figs.  1-4;  1892c,  pp.  249-294,  pis.  1-10)  gives  of  a 
chicken  tapeworm  identified  by  him  as  Tsenia  bothrioplitis,  show  very 
clearly  that  the  specimens  which  he  studied  did  not  belong  to  the 
species  named,  but  to   the  small- 
hooked  species,  Davainea  tetragona. 
Returning  now  to  Molin's  descrip- 
tion of  T.   tetragona,  we  have  the 
following  possibilities  to   consider 
in  connection  with  the  question  of 
the  identity  of  the  worms  studied 
by  him:  (1)  Are  they  identical  with 
T.    echinobothrid,a     Megnin?      (2) 
Are  they  identical  with  the  small- 
hooked  species  mentioned  in  this  paper?     (3)  Were  specimens  of  both 
species  present  in  Molin's  material?     (4)  Were  specimens  of  neither 
species  under  discussion  but  of  a  similar  species  present?     (5)  In  addi- 
tion to  specimens  of  one  or  both  of  the  forms  under  discussion,  or  of  a 

similar  species,  were 
specimens  of  still  other 
species  present? 

The  last  possibility  has 
already  been  shown  to  be 
true  by  the  fact  that  the 
original  material  upon 
which  Molin  based  his 
species  contained  speci- 
mens of  Hymenolepis  ca- 
rioca.  It  seems  not  im- 
probable, moreover,  that  he  actually  based  his  description  and  draw- 
ing (1861,  pi.  7,  fig.  6)  of  the  head  of  T.  tetragona  on  specimens  of 
H.  carioca,  in  which  the  head  is  small,  globose,  and  unarmed." 

«In  a  former  paper  (Ransom,  1902)  I  stated  that  in  a  head  sectioned  in  situ  with 
a  piece  of  intestine  the  suckers  were  armed  with  small  hooks.  All  other  specimens 
of  the  head  of  It.  carioca  which  I  have  seen  showed  no  traces  of  hooks  either  on  the 
suckers  or  on  the  rostellum.  It  was  then  my  opinion  that  in  the  latter,  hooks  had 
probably  been  present  at  one  time,  but  on  account  of  their  unstable  nature  had  been 
lost.  Further  study  has,  however,  since  shown  that  the  hooks  seen  upon  the  head  in 
question  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  small-hooked  tapeworm  discussed  in  this  paper. 
This  one  head,  therefore,  belonged  to  the  small-hooked  species  of  spiny-suckered 
tapeworm,  and,  consequently,  so  far  as  our  present  knowledge  goes,  the  head  of 
H.  carioca  is  never  armed.  The  only  possible  evidence  to  the  contrary  we  now 
possess  is  the  statement  of  Magalhaes  (1898,  p.  450)  that  he  believed  he  saw  in  one 
specimen  what  appeared  to  be  little  spines  on  the  surface  of  the  scolex  near  the  inner 
posterior  borders  of  the  suckers.  He  was,  however,  doubtful  on  this  point,  and, 
moreover,  found  no  trace  of  hooks  on  any  other  specimens  examined. 


FIG.  60. — Gravid  segment  of  Davainea  echinobothrida.  Enlarged. 
Original. 


62 


BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


Concerning  the  possibility,  first,  that  the  original  T.  tetragona  is  iden- 
tical with  T.  echinobothrida,  there  is  nothing  to  show  absolutely,  with 
our  present  knowledge,  and  without  further  examination  of  the  type 
material,  that  such  is  not  the  case.  Since,  however,  the  genital  pores 
are  described  as  unilateral  and  since  their  position  is  indicated  at  or  in 
front  of  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margin  in  Molin's  figure  7,  the  second 
possibility  that  Molin  had  before  him  specimens  of  the  spiny-suckered 
worm,  with  small  hooks,  seems  more  probable. 

With  regard  to  the  third  possibility  that  specimens  of  both  species 
were  present  in  Molin's  material,  it  may  be  said  that  in  such  case  the 
small-hooked  species  should  bear 
the   name    tetragona,   since    the 
other   form   was   eliminated  by 
Megnin   when  he  applied   to  it 
the  name  of  echinobothrida. 

The  fourth  possibility  scarcely 
needs  to  be  considered  at  present. 


PIG.  51. — Cirrus  sac  of  Davainea  tet- 
ragona.   Enlarged.    Original. 


FIG.  52. — Cirrus  sac  of  Davainea  echinobothrida. 
Enlarged.    Original. 


So  far  as  we  know  only  two  (unless  D.  paraechinobothrida  Magalhaes 
represent  a  third)  species  of  tapeworm  agreeing  at  all  with  Molin's 
diagnosis  occur  in  chickens,  and  unless  on  examination  of  his  type- 
specimens  it  is  found  that  the  original  tetragona  is  different  from 
either,  one  of  them  should  be  so  designated. 

Not  only,  then,  does  the  small-hooked  species  correspond  rather 
better  than  the  large-hooked  species  to  Molin's  original  diagnosis,  but 
the  latter,  as  already  said,  has  been  eliminated  as  echinobothrida,  and 
so  far  as  any  present  knowledge  goes  can  not  come  into  consideration. 
Until  it  be  shown,  therefore,  on  further  examination  of  the  type-spec- 
imens that  echinobothrida  is  identical  with  the  original  tetragona,  or 


SPINY-SUCKERED    TAPEWORMS    OF    CHICKENS.  63 

that  neither  of  the  forms  under  discussion  is  represented  in  the  orig- 
inal material,  we  are  not  only  fully  justified  in  a  provisional  identifi- 
cation of  the  small-hooked  form  as  tetragona^  but  in  view  of  the 
apparent  facts  in  the  case  we  have  left  practically  no  alternative. 

It  may  be  noticed  here  that  Magalhaes  (1898,  pp.  442-443,  444)  has 
mentioned  a  tapeworm  of  Brazilian  chickens  which  he  would  identify 
with  Davainea  echinobothrida  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  it  possesses 
unilateral  genital  pores,  but  on  that  account  he  would  separate  it 
under  the  name  D.  paraechinobothrida.  Whether  in  reality  this 
form  represents  a  distinct  species,  or  whether  it  is  identical  with  D. 
tetragona,  or  whether,  perhaps,  it  should  be  considered  only  a  variation 
of  echinobothrida  can  only  be  decided  when  further  details  of  its  anat- 
omy are  known.  The  occurrence  of  D.  tetragona  in  Brazilian  chick- 
ens is  established  by  specimens  of  this  species  in  the  Helminthological 
Collection  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  No.  1388.  These  speci- 
mens, presented  by  the  Vienna  Museum,  were  labeled  "Taenia  sp. 
Intest.  Gallus  gallinaceus  dom.  Brasilien  (Natterer)." 

The  specific  characters  of  D.  tetragona  and  D.  echinobothrida  are 
given  in  the  following  diagnoses: 

SPECIFIC   DIAGNOSES   OF   DAVAINEA   TETRAGONA   AND   D. 
ECHINOBOTHRIDA. 

DAVAINEA  TETRAGONA  (MOLIN,  1858)  BLANCHARD,  1891. 

(Figs.  41,  43,  45,  47,  49,  51.) 
SYNONOMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1868:  J&nia  tetragona  MOLIN,  1858,  p.  139  [a  portion  of  the  original  material,  B.  A.  I.  No.  1389,  consists 
of  Hymenolepis  carioca] .— IDEM,  1861,  pp.  254-255,  pi.  7,  figs.  5-8.— POLONIO,  1860,  p.  222.— 
DIESING,  1863b,  p.  402.— KRABBE,  1869,  p.  341.— IDEM,  1882,  pp.  361-362,  pi.  2,  figs.  55-60  [in 
part] .— PIANA,  1882,  p.  393.— RAILLIET,  1886,  p.  268.— IDEM,  1893,  p.  306  [as  synonym  of 
Davainea  tetragona].— NEUMANN,  1888,  p.  429.— IDEM,  1892,  [French  ed.],  p.  465.— IDEM,  1892 
[Eng.  ed.],  p.  478.— GRASSI  &  ROVELLI,  1892a,  pp.  84, 85.— DOLLEY,  1894a,  p.  1017.— MOSLER  & 
PEIPER,  1894,  p.  40.— BRAUN,  1895b,  pp.  194-195  [in part] .— SCHNEIDEMCHL,  189(5,  p.  290.— STILES, 
18%,  pp.  49,  50,  51 52  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona] . — STOSSICH,  1895,  p.  43  [as  synonym  of 
Davainea  tetragona}. — IDEM,  1898,  p.  110  [as  synonym  of  D.  tetragona] . — HOLZBERG,  1898a,  pp. 
154, 155-174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187,  pi.  10,  figs.  2-7,  pi.  11,  figs.  15-22. 

1891:  Davainea  tetragona  BLANCHARD,  1891t,  p.  436,  fig.  15  [in  part].— IDEM,  1899d,  pp.  211,  215,  216, 
217  [in  part].— RAILLIET,  1893,  pp.  305, 306  [in  part] .— MORELL,  1895,  pp.  95,  99, 100.— STOSSICH, 
1895,  p.  43  [in  part] .—STILES,  18%,  pp.  10,  12,  15,  46,  49,  50,  C.,  pi.  17,  figs.  219-227,  pi.  18,  figs. 
228-235  [in  part] .— DIAMARE,  1898a,  pp.  480-483.- STOSSICH,  1898,  p.  110  [in  part]  .—HOLZBERG, 
1898a,  p.  174.— LCHE,  1900,  p.  92.— PARONA,  C.,  1901,  p.  6.— GEDOELST,  1903a,  p.  32. 

1892:  Teenia  botrioplitis  of  FILIPPI,  1892a,  pp.  75-78,  pi.  1,  figs.  1-4  [not  Tania  botrioplites  Piana,  1881]. 

1892:  Txnia  bothrioplitis  of  FILIPPI,  1892c,  pp.  249-294,  pis.  1-10  [uot  Teenia  botrioplitcx  Piana,  1881]. 

1898:  Davainaea  tetragona  DIAMARE,  1898,  pp.  480-483  [misprint  for  Davainea  tetragona] . 

1898:  Davainea  paracchinobothrida  [?  synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona]  MAGALHAES,  1898,  pp.  443, 444.— 
BLANCHARD,  1899a,  p.  217. 

1901:  Txnia  (Davainea)  tetragona  VAULLEGEARD,  1901,  p.  108. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Davainea:  10  to  250  mm.  long  by  1  to  4  mm.  broad,  these 
dimensions  varyipg  with  age  and  state  of  contraction.  Head  (fig.  41)  175  to  350  n 
in  diameter,  with  retractile  rostellum  50  to  70  u  in  diameter,  armed  with  a  crown  of 
about  100  hooks  arranged  in  a  single  row.  Suckers  oval,  50  to  90  «  in  diameter, 
armed  with  8  to  10  rows  of  hooks.  Rostellar  hooks  (fig.  43)  6  to  8  u  long  through 
longest  axis,  hammer-shaped,  with  long  ventral  root  and  short  dorsal  root,  prong 


64  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

short  and  recurved.  Acetabular  hooks  (fig.  45)  of  various  sizes,  from  3  to  8  u,  meas- 
ured through  longest  axis,  with  long,  thorn-like  prong,  dorsal  root  very  short,  ven- 
tral root  longer  than  dorsal  root,  but  shorter  than  prong.  Neck  usually  long  and 
slender.  Segments  (figs.  47,  49)  trapezoidal  and  imbricate,  edge  of  strobila  serrate. 
Ultimate  segments  usually  longer  than  broad,  bell-shaped.  Genital  pores  unilateral, 
situated  at  or  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  lateral  margin,  frequently  marked  by  a 
papilla.  Male  and  female  canals  pass  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  nerve  and  excretory 
vessels. 

Male  genitalia  (figs.  47, 51):  Testes  20  to  30  in  median  field  surrounding  the  female 
glands,  most  of  them  lying  on  the  aporose  side  of  the  latter.  Vas  deferens  lies  in 
anterior  third  of  segment,  begins  near  the  median  line,  and  extends  in  a  much  con- 
voluted course  laterally  to  the  base  of  the  cirrus  pouch,  which  it  enters  and  after  a 
few  coils  in  the  basal  portion  of  the  latter  becomes  transformed  into  the  cirrus. 
Cirrus  pouch  (fig.  51)  pyriform,  75  to  100  ju  in  length.  Basal  portion  surrounded  by  a 
prominent  layer  of  longitudinal  muscular  fibers,  neck  with  a  thick  layer  of  transverse 
fibers.  Cirrus  without  apparent  spines. 

Female  genitalia  (figs.  47, 49) :  Ovary  in  middle  of  segment.  Yolk  gland  posterior  of 
ovary,  irregularly  reniform,  slightly  longer  in  its  transverse  axis,  about  100  u  in  diam- 
eter. Shell  gland  prominent,  50  jn  in  diameter,  immediately  in  front  of  yolk  gland. 
Vagina  begins  at  the  genital  pore  posterior  of  opening  of  cirrus  pouch,  at  first  very 
slender,  but  at  a  distance  of  15  to  25  u  swells  out  into  a  thin- walled  tube,  functioning 
as  a  seminal  receptacle,  which  extends  transversely  across  the  segment  and  joins  the 
oviduct  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  ovary  near  the  median  line.  The  oviduct  after 
being  joined  in  the  shell  gland  by  the  vitelloduct  proceeds  forward  and.  ends  on 
the  dorsal  side  of  the  ovary.  A  definite  and  persistent  uterus  is  not  developed. 
The  eggs  as  they  pass  from  the  distal  end  of  the  oviduct  become  embedded  in  a 
fibrous  and  granular  mass,  which  gradually  fills  up  most  of  the  segment.  This  mass 
divides  into  50  to  100  portions  to  form  egg  capsules  (fig.  49),  each  surrounded  by  a 
membrane  and  containing  6  to  12  or  more  eggs.  The  egg  is  surrounded  by  three 
envelopes,  an  inner,  close  to  the  onchosphere;  a  middle,  folded;  and  a  smooth  outer 
envelope.  The  onchosphere  measures  10  to  14  u  in  diameter,  the  outer  envelope 
from  25  to  50  u. 

LIFE  HISTORY:  Unknown. 

HOST:  Chickens. 

PATHOLOGICAL  EFFECTS:  So  far  as  known,  very  slight. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION:  Europe;  Asia;  North  and  South  America. 

DAVAINEA  ECHINOBOTHRIDA  (MEGNIN,  1880)  BLANCHARD,  1891. 

(Figs.  42,  44,  46,  48,  50,  52.) 
SYNONYMY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1880:  Txnia  infundihuliformis  [in  part]  of  MEGNIN,  1880,  pp.  396,  3%.— IDEM,  1880,  p.  716.— IDEM,  1881, 
pp.  125-126. — STILES,  1896,  p.  49  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  echinobothrida] . 

1881:  Txnia  echinobothrida  MEGNIN,  1880,  pp.  119, 120.— IDEM,  1881,  pp.  35-38;  pi.  5,  figs.  1-11.— PIANA 
1882,  pp.  391-392.— RAILLIET,  1886,  p.  267.— IDEM,  1893,  p.  306  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  echin- 
obothrida].— NEUMANN,  1888,  p.  430.— IDEM,  1892  [French  ed.],  p.  466.— IDEM,  1892  [Eng.  ed.], 
pp.  479-480. — GRASSI  &  ROVELLI,  1892a,  pp.  84,  85  [as  possible  synonym  of  Tsenia  bothrio- 
plitis].— DoLLEY,  1894a,  p.  1014.— MORELL,  1895,  p.  96.— STILES,  1896,  pp.  49,  60,  51,  52  [as  syno- 
nym of  Davainea  echinobothrida]. 

1881:  Tsenia  echinobotrida  MEGNIN,  1881,  p.  44  [misprint  for  Txnia  echinobothrida] .— PERRONCITO,  1886, 
p.  245  [misprint] . 

1881:  Tvenia  batrioplites  PIANA,  1881,  pp.  84-85  [misprint  for  Txnia  botrioplites] . 

1882:  Txnia  botrioplitisPiAm,  1882,  pp.  387-395, 1  pi.— PERRONCITO,  1882,  p.  211.— IDEM  [?  1901] ,  p.  268.— 
STOSSICH,  1889,  p.  30.— IDEM,  1891,  p.  114.— PASQUALE,  1890,  p.  909.— FILIPPI,  1892c,  p.  250.— 
SCAGLIOSI,  1896,  pp.  538-545,  pi.  10,  figs.  1-2. 

1882:  Tsenia  tetragona  MOLIN  of  KRABBE,  1882,  pp.  361-362,  pi.  2,  figs.  55-60  [in  part] .— BRAUN,  1895a, 
pp.  194,195  [in  part]. 


SPINY-SUCKERED    TAPEWORMS    OF    CHICKENS.  65 

1886:  Tiniin  bithrioplitis  RAILLIET,  1886,  p.  267  [orthographic  emendation  of  botrioplitis]  .—NEUMANN, 
1888,  pp.  429-430.— IDEM,  1892  [French  ed.],  p.  466.— IDEM,  1892  [Eng.  ed.],  p.  479.— GRASSI  & 
KOVKLLI,  1892a,  pp.  84,  85,  89-90.— MOORE,  1895,  pp.  2,  3.— MORELL,  1895,  pp.  95,  96,  97,  98,  99, 
100. — STILES,  18%,  pp.  16, 49, 51, 52  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona] . — STIEDA,  1900,  p.  435. — 
PERRONCITO  [?  1901],  p.  268  [as  synonym  of  Tsenia  telragona  botriopUHs], — HOLZBERG,  1898a, 
p.  154  [as  synonym  of  Txnia  tetragona] . 

1886:  Ten  in  botrinjilitis  PERRONCITO,  1886,  p.  245  [misprint  for  Tsenia  botrioplitis]. 

1891:  Davainea  echinobothrida  BLANCH ARD,  1891t,  p.  433,  fig.  9.— IDEM,  1899d,  pp.  214,  216,  217.— 
RAILLIET,  1893,  pp.  305,  306.— MOORE,  1895,  p.  3.— STILES,  1896,  pp.  10,  46,  49,  50,  C.,  pi.  17,  figs. 
217-218.— MAGALHAES,  1898,  p.  442.— GEDOELST,  1903a,  p.  32. 

1891:  Davainea  tetragona  BLANCHARD,  1891t,  p.  436,  fig.  15  [in  part].— IDEM,  1899d,  pp.  211,  215,  216, 
217  [in  part].— RAILLIET,  1893,  pp.  305,  306  [in  part] .— MOORE,  1895,  p.  3.— STOSSICH,  1895,  p.  43 
[in  part].— IDEM,  1898,  p.  110  [in  part] .—STILES,  1896,  pp.  10,  la,  15,  46,  49,  50,  C.,  pi.  17,  figs. 
219-227;  pi.  18,  figs.  228-235  [in  part] .— RATZ,  1898,  pp.  69-73,  figs.  2-4.— IDEM,  1900,  pp.  232-233.— 
MINGAZZINI,  1900,  pp.  134,  151,  152,  154,  fig.  10.— PERRONCITO  [?  1901],  p.  268  [as  synonym  of 
Tumid  tetragona  botrioplitis]. 

1891:  Tifin'a  bothrioplites  BLANCHARD,  1891 1,  p.  436  [orthographic  emendation  of  botrioplites;  as 
synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona]. — IDEM,  1899d,  p.  215  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona] . — 
RAILLIET,  1893,  p.  306  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona] . — STOSSICH,  1895,  p.  43  [as  synonym 
of  Davainea  tetragona] . — IDEM,  1898,  p.  110  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona] . — STILES,  18%, 
pp.  49,  51  [as  synonym  of  Davainea  tetragona] . 

1894:  Tsenia  botryoplitis  DOLLEY,  1894a,  p.  1013  [misprint  for  Txnia  botrioplitis]. 

18%:  [Tsenia]  botriophilitis SCAGLIOSI,  1896,  p.  539  [misprint  for  botrioplitis]. 

1898:  Davainea  bothrioplitis  MAGALHAES,  1898,  pp.  442,  443,  444. 

1898:  Darainea  paraechinobothrida  [?  synonym  of  Davainea  echinobothrida]  'MAGALHA.ES,  1898,  pp.443, 
444.— BLANCHARD,  1899d,  p.  217. 

[1 1901] :  Turnia  tetragona  botrwplitis  PERRONCITO  [?  1901],  p.  268. 

SPECIFIC  DIAGNOSIS. — Davainea:  Length  to  250  u;  width  1  to  4  min.  Head  (fig. 
42)  250  to  450,  u  in  diameter  with  retractile  rostellum  100  to  150  u  in  diameter,  armed 
with  a  crown  of  about  200  hooks  arranged  in  two  ranks.  Suckers  round  or  oval,  90 
to  200  ju  in  diameter,  armed  with  8  to  10  rows  of  hooks.  Rostellar  hooks  (fig.  44) 
similar  in  type  to  those  of  D.  ietragona  but  larger,  measuring  10  to  13  /*  in  length. 
Acetabular  hooks  (fig.  46)  likewise  similar  to  those  of  D.  tetragona  but  also  larger, 
the  largest  measuring  from  12  to  15  u  over  all  and  the  smallest  6  j.i.  Neck  generally 
thicker  and  shorter  than  that  of  D.  tetragona,  frequently  equal  in  width  to  the  head. 
Strobila  resembling  that  of  tetragona,  but  with  serrate  border  more  pronounced. 
Ultimate  segments  in  preserved  specimens  differ  also  from  those  of  tetragona,  being 
less  elongate  and  frequently  marked  by  a  median  constriction.  Owing  to  this  con- 
striction the  adjacent  borders  of  the  most  posterior  segments  pull  apart  in  the  median 
line  and  remain  joined  only  toward  the  sides,  giving  rise  to  a  median  series  of 
openings  through  the  posterior  portion  of  the  strobila.  Genital  pores  irregularly 
alternate,  or  sometimes  almost  entirely  unilateral,  situated  posterior  of  the  middle 
of  the  lateral  margin  (figs.  48,50).  Male  and  female  canals  pass  on  the  dorsal  side 
of  the  nerve  and  excretory  vessels. 

Male  genitalia  (figs.  48,  52) :  Testes  20  to  30,  arranged  in  median  field  as  in  tetragona. 
Vas  deferens  similar  to  that  of  telragona.  Cirrus  pouch  (fig.  52)  flask-shaped,  130  to 
180  n  in  length.  Basal  portion  globular  or  ovoid,  surrounded  by  a  thick  layer  (10  u) 
of  longitudinal  muscle  fibers,  inside  of  which  is  a  thick  layer  ( 15  to  20  // )  of  transverse 
fibers.  Neck  of  pouch  measures  50  to  75  u  in  length  by  15  to  20  //  in  diameter,  sur- 
rounded by  a  layer  of  transverse  fibers,  thickened  at  the  distal  end  of  the  pouch  to 
form  a  sphincter.  According  to  Megnin  the  cirrus  is  armed  with  minute  spines. 

Female  genitalia  (figs.  48,50):  Female  organs  as  in  D.  tetragona.  Eggs  similar  in 
size  and  structure. 

LIFE  HISTORY:  Unknown.  According  to  Piana  (1882)  its  supposed  larva  occurs  iii 
snails. 

HOST:  Chickens. 

PATHOLOGICAL  EFFECTS:  Produces  a  nodular  disease  of  the  small  intestine. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION:  Europe;  Asia;  Africa  (Pasquale,  1890);  North  and 
South  America. 

4241— No.  60—04 5 


66  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

[The  references  may  be  consulted  at  the  Governmental  libraries  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  as  designated: 
W»=Library  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  Wc= Library  of  Congress.  Wm= 
Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office.  Ws=Library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.] 

BLANCHARD,  RAPHAEL. 

1891  t. — Notices  helminthologiques  (deuxieme  se"rie)   <M£m.    Soc.    zool.    de 

France,  Par.,  v.  4  (3-4),  pp.  420-489,  figs.  1-38.     [W8.] 

1899  d. — Un  cas  inedit  de  Davainea  madagascariensw;  considerations  sur  le  genre 
Davainea  <Arch.  de  parasitol.,  Par.,  v.  2  (2),  avril,  pp.  200-217,  figs. 
1-3.  [Wa,  W'.] 

BRAUN,  MAX. 

1895  b. — Die  thierischen  Parasiten  des  Menschen.  Ein  Handbuch  fur  Studirende 
undAerzte.  2.  Aufl.,  283  pp.,  147  figs.  8°.  Wiirzburg.  [W*.] 

DlAMARE,  VlNCENZO. 

1898  d. — Ueber  die  weiblichen  Geschlechtsteile  der  Davainsea   [sic] '  tetragona 
(Molin),  eine  kurze  Antwort  an  Herrn  Dr.  Holzberg  <Centralbl.  f. 
Bakteriol.,  Parasitenk.  [etc.],  Jena,  1.   Abt.,  v.  24  (13),    12.  Oct., 
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DIESING,  KARL  MORITZ. 

1863  b. — Revision  der  Cephalocotyleen.      Abtheilung:    Cyclocotyleen.      [Pre- 
sented 5.  Nov.]  <Sitzungsb.  d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wissensch.,  Wien,  Math.- 
naturw.  Cl.,  v.  49,  1.  Abt.  (4),  pp.  357-430.     [W8.] 
DOLLEY,  CHARLES  SUMNER. 

1894  a. — Synonymatie  table  of  the  animal  parasites  of  man  and  of  tbe  animals 
commonly  associated  with  him  <Dict.  Med.  (Gould),  Phila.,  pp. 
978-1021.  60  figs.     [Wa.] 
DE  FILIPPI,  CARLO. 

1892  a. — Nota  preliminare  sul  sistema  riproduttore  della  Tsenia  botrioplitis  Piana 

<Boll.  Soc.  rom.  per  gli  stud,  zool.,  Roma,  v.  1  (1-2),  pp.  75-79,  pi. 
1,  figs.  1-4.     [MS.  dated  2  mar.]     [W,  Wm.] 

(1892  b). — Ricerche  istologiche  ed  anatomiche  sulla  Tsenia  bothrioptttis  Piana. 
<Atti  r.  Accad.  d.  Lincei,  Roma,  Cl.  di.  sc.  fis.,  mat.  e  nat.,  v. 
287,  4.  s.,  v.  7,  pp.  249-294,  10  pis. 

1892  c.— Idem.     Reprint,     pp.  249-294,  10  pis.     4°.     Roma.     [Lib.  Ward.] 
GEDOELST,  L. 

1903  a. — R£sum6  du  cours  de  parasitologie.     ix+107  pp.     8°.     Bruxelles.     [Lib. 

Stiles.] 
GRASSI,  GIOVANNI  BATTISTA;  &  ROVELLI,  GIUSEPPE. 

1892  a. — Ricerche  embriologiche  sui  cestodi  <^Atti  Accad.  Gioenia  di  sc.  nat.  in 
Catania  (1891-92),  An.  68,  4.  s.,  v.  4,  2.  mem.,  108  pp.,  4  pis.     [VVC.] 
HOLZBERG,  KARL  FRIEDRICH  JOHANN  LUDWIG  BODO. 

1898  a. — Der  Geschlechtsapparat  einiger  Ttinien  aus  der  Gruppe  Davainea  Bl. 
<Zool.  Jahrb.,  Jena,  Abt.  f.  Anat.,  v.  11  (2),  26.  Mai,  pp.  153-192, 
pis.  10-11,  figs.  1-33.     [W,  W8.] 
.  KRABBE,  H. 

1869. — Bidrag  til.  Kundskab  om  fuglenes  Bsendelorme  <Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skrift., 
Kj0benh.,  Naturv.  ogmath.  Afd.,  5.  R.,  v.  8  (6),  pp.  251-363,  pis.  1-10, 
figs.  1-303.  [W%  W0.] 

1882. — Nye  Bidrag  til  Kundskab  om  Fuglenes  Brendelorme  <Vidensk.  Selsk. 
Skrift.,  Kj0benh.,  Naturv.  og  math.  Afd.,  6.  R.,  v.  1  (7),  pp.  349-366, 
pis.  1-2,  figs.  1-67.  [W%  W™.] 


SPINY-SUCKERED   TAPEWORMS    OF    CHICKENS.  67 

LUHE,  MAX. 

1900. — Untersuchungen  iiber  die   Bothriocephaliden  init  marginalen  Genital- 

offnungen  <Ztschr.  f.  wissensch.  Zool.,  Leipz.,  v.  68  (1),  14.  Aug.,  pp. 

43-112,  pis.  4-7,  figs.  1-31.     [MS.  dated  Feb.]     [W.] 
DE  MAGALHAES,  PEI^RO  S. 

1898. — Deux  nouveaux  tenias  de  la  poule  doinestique.     (Notes  d'helminthologie 

bresilienne.    8)  <Arch.  de  parasitol.,  Par.,  v.  1  (3),  juillet,  pp.  442-451, 

figs.  1-12.     [W.,  Wm.] 
MEGNIX,  PIERRE. 

1880. — De  la  caducite  des  crochets  et  duscolex  lui-m£me  chez  les  tenias.     [Read 

30  mars]  <Bull.  Soc.  zool.  de  France,  Par.,  v.  5  (1-2),  Jan. -mars,  pp. 

117-120.     [Published  20  aotit.]     [Wc.]    . 
1880. — Sur  la  caducit^  des  crochets  et  du  scolex  Iui-m6me  chez  les   Tuenias 

<Compt.    rend.    Acad.   d.    sc.,    Par.,  v.   90   (12),   22  mars,   pp.  715- 

717.     [W.] 
1880. — De  la  caducit6  des  crochets  et  du  scolex  lui-meme  chez  les  tenias  <Rec. 

de  med.  ve"t,  Par.,  v.  57,  6.  s.,  v.  7  (8),  30  avril,  pp.  393-396.     [Discus- 
sion, pp.  396-397.]     [Wm.] 
1881. — De  la  caducite"  des  crochets  et  du  scolex  lui-meme  chez  les  tenias  <J.  de 

1'anat,  et  physiol.  [etc.],  Par.,  v.  17  (1),  15  Jan.,  pp.  27-14, 1  fig.,  pis.  4-5. 

[W'».] 
1881. — Sur  la  caducit£  des  crochets  et  du  scolex   lui-m£me    chez  les  Tsenias 

<Compt.  rend.  Soc.  de  biol.,  Par.  (1880),  v.  32,  7.  s.,  v.  2,  mars,  pp. 

124-127.      [Wm.] 

MlNGAZZIXI,  PlO. 

1900. — Nuove  ricerche  sulle  cisti  degli  elminti  <Arch.  de  parasitol.,  Par.,  v.  3 

(1 ),  15  mai,  pp.  134-162,  figs.  1-12.      [Wa.] 
MOLIX,  RAPHAELE. 

1858. — Prospectus  helminthum,  quse  in  prodromo  faunse  helminthologicse  Vene- 
tise  continentur  <Sitzungsb.  d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wissensch.,  "\Vien,  Math.- 
naturw.  Cl.,  v.  30  (14),  20.  Mai,  pp.  127-158.  [W.] 

1861. — Prodromus  faunae  helminthologicte  venetise  adjectis  disquisitionibus  ana- 
tomicis  et  criticis  <Denkschr.  d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wissensch.,  Wien,  Math.- 
naturw.  CL,  v.  19,  2.  Abt,  pp.  189-338,  pis.  1-15.  [W8.] 

MOORE,  VERAXUS  A. 

1895. — A  nodular  teeniasis  in  fowls  <Circular  No.  3,  Bureau  Animal  Indust., 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Wash.,  4  pp.,  figs.  1-2.     [Wa.] 
MORELL,  ALEXANDER. 

1895. — Anatomisch-histologische  Studien  an  Vogeltiinien  <Arch.  f.   Naturg., 
Berl.,  61.  J.,  v.  1  (1),  Mai,  pp.  81-102,  pi.  7,  figs.  1-11.     [MS.  dated 
Nov.  1894.]     [Wa,  W8.] 
MOSLER,  F. ;  &  PEIPER,  E. 

1894.— Thierische  Parasiten.  xii+345  pp.,  124  figs.  8°.  Wien.  (Nothnagel, 
Hermann.  Specielle  Pathologic  und  Therapie,  v.  6.)  [Wm.] 

NECMAXX,  L.  G. 

1888. — -Trait4  des  maladies  parasitaires  non  microbiennes  des  animaux  domes- 

tiques.     xv+673  pp.,  306  figs.     8°.     Paris.     [Wa.] 
1892.— Idem.     2.  ed.,  xvi+767  pp.,  364  figs.     8°.     Paris.     [W.] 
1892. — A  treatise  on  the  parasites  and  parasitic  diseases  of  the  domesticated 
animals.     Translated  and  edited  by  George  Fleming,     xxiii-j-800  pp., 
364  figs.     8°.     London.     [W».] 


68  BUEEAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

PARONA,  COERADO. 

1901. — Di  alcuni  cestodi  brasiliani,    raccolti    dal  Dott.   Adolfo   Lutz     <Boll. 

Mus.  di  zool.  [etc.],  Geneva  (102),  12  pp.     [Win.] 
PASQUALE,  ALESSANDRO. 

1390. — Le  tenie  del  polli  di  Massaua.     (Descrizione  di  una  nuova  specie)  <Gior. 
internaz.  d.  sc.  nied.,  Napoli,  n.  s.,  v.  12  (23),  15  die.,  pp.  905-910,  1 
pi.,  figs.  1-11.     [MS.  dated  5  settembre.]     [Wm.] 
PERRONCITO,  EDOARDO. 

1882. — I  parassiti  dell'  uomo  e  degli  animali  utili.  Delle  piu  comuni  malattie  da 
essi  prodotte,  profilassi  e  cura  relativa.  xii-f  506  pp. ,  233  figs. ,  14  pis. 
8°.  Milano.  [Wa,  Wm.] 

1886. — Trattato  teorico-pratico  sulle  malattie  piu  comuni  degli  animali  domestic! 
dal  punto  di  vista  agricolo,  commerciale  ed  igienico,  metodi  di  cura  ed 
appendice  sui  migliori  metodi  di  disinfezione  dei  vagoni.     xxiv+434 
pp.,  220  figs.     4  figs,  by  E.  Semmer,  p.  428.     8°.     Torino.     [Wa.] 
[71901]. — I  parassiti  dell'  uomo  e  degli  animali  utili  e  le  piu  comuni  malattie  da 
essi  prodotte.     Prolifassi  [sic]  e  cura  relativa.     [2.  ed.],  xv+632  pp., 
276  figs.,  25  pis.     8°.     Milano.     [Wa.] 

PlANA,  GlAN  PlETRO.  , 

1881. — Una  nuova  specie  di  tenia  delle  galline  (Tcenia  [sic]  bolrioplites)  e  di  un 
nuovo  cisticerco  delle  lumachelle  terrestri  (Cisticercus  botrioplites) . 
[Abstract  of  Piana,  1882]  <Rendic.  Accad.  d.  sc.  d.  1st.  di  Bologna 
(1880-81),  17  mar.,  pp.  84-85.  [W°.] 

1882. — Di  una  nuova  specie  di  tenia  del  gallo  domestico  (Tsenia  botrioplitis)  e  di 
un  nuova  cisticerco  delle  lumachelle  terrestri  (Cysticercus  botriopli'is) . 
[Read  17  mar.  1881]  <Mem.  Accad.  d.  sc.  d.  1st.  di  Bologna,  4.  s.,  v. 
2,  pp.  387-395,  1  pi.,  figs.  1-8.     [Wc.] 
POLONIO,  ANTONIO  FEDERICO. 

1860. — Catalogo  dei  cefalocotilei  italiani,  e  alcune  osservazioni  sul  loro  sviluppo 
<Atti  Soc.  ital.  d.  sc.  nat.,  Milano  (1859-60),  v.  2,  pp.  217-229,  pi.  7, 
figs.  1-11.     [Wc.] 
RAILLIET,  A. 

1886. — Elements  de  zoologie  medicale  et  agricole.  xv+1053  pp.,  705  figs.  8*. 
Paris.  [Wa.] 

1893. — Trait^  de  zoologie  medicale  e  agricole.     2.  £d.,  fasc.  1,  736  pp.,  494  figs. 

8°.     Paris.     [Wa.] 
RANSOM,  BRAYTON  HOWARD. 

1902. — On  Hymenolepis  carioca  (Magalhaes)  and  H.  megalops  (Nitzsch),  with 
remarks  on  the  classification  of  the  group  <Tr.  Am.  Micr.  Soc.,  Lin- 
coln, Nebr.  (1901),  v.  23,  pp.  151-172,  pis.  23-25,  figs.  1-20.  [Wm.] 

1904. — Notes  on  the  spiny-suckered  tapeworms  of  chickens  (Daminea  echino- 
.botJirida  (  =  Tsenia  botrioplites}  and  D.  tetragona)  <Bull.  60,  Bureau  Ani- 
mal Indust.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Wash.,  pp.  55-69,  figs.  41-52.     [Wa.] 
RATZ,  ISTVAN. 

1898. — Parasitologiai  jegyzetek.  (Eloleges  kozlem6ny)  <^Veterinarius,  Buda- 
pest, v.  21  (3),  1  feb.,  pp.  65-75,  figs.  1-5.  [Wa.] 

1900. — Wurmknotchen  am  Diinndarme  <Ztschr.  f.  Fleisch-  u.  Milchhyg.,  Berl., 
v.  10  (11),  Aug.,  pp.  230-233.  [Wa,  W"1.]  • 

SCAGLIOSI,  G. 

1896. — Ueber  einen  seltenen  Ausgang  der  von  der  Txnia  botrioplilis  im  Huhndarm 
herbeigefiihrten  Verletzungen  <Arch.  f.  path.  Anat.  [etc.],  Berl.,  v. 
145,  14.  F.,  v.  5  (3),  17.  Sept.,  pp.  538-545,  pi.  10,  figs.  1-2.  [Wa.] 


SPINY-SUCKERED   TAPEWORMS    OF    CHICKENS.  69 

SCHNEIDEMUHL,    GEORG. 

1896, — Lehrbut'h  der  vergleichenden  Pathologie  und  Therapie  des  Menschen 
und  der  Hausthiere  fiir  ThierJirzte,  Arzte  und  Studirende.  2.  Lief.: 
Die  Yergiftungen.  Die  du'rch  thierische  Parasiten  hervorgerufenen 
Krankheiten  des  Menschen  und  der  Thiere.  Die  Konstitutionskrank- 
heiten.  Die  Hautkrankheiten.  pp.  209-448.  8°.  Leipzig.  [W".] 
STIEDA,  ALEXANDER. 

1900. — Durchbohrung  des   Duodenums    und' des  Pankreas  durch  eine  Titnie 
<Centralbl.  f.  Bakteriol.,  Parasitenk.  [etc.],  Jena,  1.  Abt.,  v.  28  (14-15), 
15.  Oct. ,  pp.  430-437.     [  W,  Wm.  ] 
STILES,  CH.  WARDELL. 

1896. — Report  upon  the  present  knowledge  of  the  tapeworms  of  poultry 
<^Bull.  No.  12,  Bureau  Animal  Indust.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Wash.,  pp. 
1-79,  pis.  1-21,  figs.  1-276.  [Published  July  11.]  [Wa.] 

STOSSICH,  MICHELE. 

1889. — Brani  di  elmintologia  tergestina.    Serie  sesta  <Boll.  Soc.  adriat.  di  sc.  nat. 

in  Trieste,  v.  11,  pp.  23-30,  pis.  13-14,  figs.  55-61.     [W».] 
1891. — Ehninti  veneti  raccolti  dal  Dr.  Alessandro  Conte  de  Ninni.      Seconda 

serie.  <Boll.  Soc.  adriat.  di  sc.  nat.  in  Trieste,  vol.  13  (1),  pp.  109-116, 

pi.  1,  figs.  1-6.     [W.] 
1895.' — Notizie  elmintologiche  <Boll.  Soc.  adriat.  di  sc.  nat.  in  Trieste,  v.  16, 

pp.  33-16,  pis.  4-6,  figs.  1-37.     [Wa.] 

1898. — Saggio  di  una  fauna  elmintologica  di  Trieste  e  provincie  contermini. 

[Reprint  from  Programma  della  civica  scuola  reale  superiore  published 

at  the  end  of  the  scholastic  year  1898.]     162pp.     8°.     Trieste.     [Lib. 

Stiles.] 
VAULLEGEARD,  A. 

1901. — Mecanisme  de  1'action  des  helminthes.      [Review  by  Gallier]   <Echo 

vet.,  Liege,  v.  31  (3),  mai,  pp.  107-109.     [W*.] 


INDEX  TO  TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


[Synonyms  in  italics.] 


Page. 

Accipiter  tinus 42, 45 

Acuaria 38 

Aedon  luscinia 32, 49 

Amblyrhamphus  holosericeus 32, 49 

Ancyracanthus 31 

ophthalmicus 30 

Aprocta 40,41 

cylindrica 4,40,49 

ophthalmophaga 40, 46 

orbitalis 5,41,46 

Aquila  maculata 29, 32, 45 

nssvia 29 

Archibuteo  lagopus 33, 46 

Ascaris 45 

leptoptera 45, 50 

Asio 48 

Asionidse 48 

Bubo  sp 33,48 

Campephilus  robustus 36, 47 

rubricollis 36,47 

Caprimulgidae 48 

Caprimulgus  segyptius 38, 48 

europseus 38, 48 

megalurus 38 

Cariama  cristata 22, 47 

Cariamidse 47 

Carpophaga  brenchleyi 31 

Celeus  flavescens 36, 48 

jumana 36, 48 

Centropus  siamensis 28 

sinensis 28, 47 

Ceophloeus  lineatus 36, 48 

Ceratospira 29, 30, 31 

ophthalmica 4,30,31,47 

vesiculosa 4, 30, 47 

Chamseza  brevieauda 35, 48 

Charadriiformes 47 

Cheilospirura 26, 27 

cephaloptera 23, 26, 27 

ophthalmica 26 

siamcniris 28 

Chloroncrpes  aurulentus 36, 48 

leucolseraus 36, 48 

Choanotaenia  infundibuliformis 58 

Ciconia 39 

maguari 39 

Ciconiidse 45 

Ciconiifonnes • .       45 

Circus  1 1 1 ii i •  1 1 1 1  is 1 1 v 42, 46 

Cistothorus  polyglottus 32, 49 

70 


Page. 

Coraciif  ormes 47 

Corvidse 49 

Corvus  corone 33, 49 

f rugilegus 30, 49 

Cracidae 46 

Crax 39 

fasciolata 22,46 

tonientosa 39 

urumutum 24 

Crotophaga  ani 21, 47 

major 21, 47 

Crypturiformes 45 

Crypturus  variegatus 38, 45 

Cuculidse 47 

Cuculif  ormes 47 

Cyathostoma  lari 43 

Davainaea  tetragona 63 

Davainea 63, 65 

bothrio])litis 65 

cestieillus 68 

echinobothrida 2, 

3, 5, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 

paraechinobothrida 62, 63, 65 

tetragona 2, 

3, 5, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65 

Dendrocolaptes  procurvns 35 

Dendrocolaptidse 48 

IHcholophus  margravi 22 

Dispharagus  longevaginatus 39 

rectus 27 

Eclectus  pectoralis 30, 47 

Elanus  caeruleus 42, 46 

leucurus 42, 46 

Emberlza  pecoris 45 

Erithacus  rubecula 32, 49 

Euxenura  maguari 39, 45 

Falco  atricapillus 42 

cackinans 42 

caycnncnsis 42 

coronatus '. 42 

destructor 28 

dispar 42 

fuscoater 41 

gracilis 28,42 

layopus 33 

magniroftris 34 

n'linutiis 42 

nxvius 29, 32, 33 

ornatus 42 

palustris 42 


INDEX. 


71 


Page 

Falco  rutilans 42 

sp 40,42,46 

gwainsfjnii 37, 42 

nnicinctug 42 

urubntinya 42 

Falconidae 45 

Faleoniformes 45 

Filaria 31.32,33,34,35,36,37,38 

abbreviata 31, 32, 33, 45, 48, 49, 50 

abreviata 32 

anoldbiatu 21 

anthuris 29 

armata 33,46 

attenuata 33, 37, 48, 49 

attenuata  falconis  picti 37 

bonasiee 33,47 

campanulata 4, 34, 46 

cirrura 34, 50 

collurionis  subcutanea 35 

dendrocolapti  procurvi 35 

dendrocolaptis 35 

dendrocolaptis  procurvi 35 

dendrocolaptis  procurvi  lacrymalis.  35, 48 

falconis 31 

Jalconis  magnirostris 34 

ftliformis 35,38 

labiotruncata 38 

Mansoni 7,9,10,25 

martis 31 

motacillx 32 

motacillarum 31, 32 

myotherae  campanisonac 35, 38, 48 

myotherae  chrysopygse 31, 37 

nodulosa 35, 37 

obtuso-caudata 4, 35, 36, 47, 48, 49 

oculi 20,37,47 

papilloso-annulata 37,46 

perdicis  dentatx 36 

philomelse 32 

quadriverrucosa 35 

sanguinis  hominis 25 

Schneider! 35 

sp 33,37 

sylvias 37, 49 

tetraonis 36 

tetraonis  bonasix 33 

tinami  variegati 38,45 

tinami  variegati  (palpebralis) 38 

turdi 35,38 

turdi  olivascentis 38 

turdi  olivascentis  (palpebralis)..  35,38,49  : 

turdorum 31, 32 

verrucosa 37 

Filariidse 20,30,31,38,40,41 

Formicariidse 48 

Furnariidse 48 

Furnarius  leucopus 32, 48 

rufus 32,48 

Galliformes 46 

Gallus  domesticus 25, 47 

gallinaceus  dom 63 

Gampsonyx  swainsoni 37, 42, 46 

Geranospizias  cserulescens 28, 42, 46 

Gruiformes 47 

Harpyhaliaetus  coronatus 42, 46 

Herpetotheres  cachinnans 42 


Page. 

Heterospizias  meridionalis 42, 46 

Hymenolepis  carioca 56,58,61,63 

Ibididce „. 45 

Ibis  sethiopica 43,45 

Icteridse 49 

Icterus  croconotus 24, 50 

Laniidae 49 

Lanius  minor 35, 36, 49 

pomeranus 35, 36 

rufus 36 

rutilus 36,49 

senator 36, 49 

sp 36,49 

Laridse 47 

Larus 45 

f uscus 44, 47 

ridibundus 44, 47 

spp 44, 47 

Leptodon  cayennensis 42, 46 

Megaquiscalus  major 34, 50 

Melizophilus  melanocephalus 32, 49 

Menopetatonema  obtuse-caudatum 36 

Mil vus  korschtm 41, 46 

Mitua  tomentosa 39, 46 

Molothrus  ater 45, 50 

Mometidse 48 

Momotus  brasilicnsis 24 

momota 24, 48 

Monopetalonema 37 

obtuse-caudatum 35, 36 

Motacilla  alba 32, 49 

melanocephala 32 

cenanthe 32 

philomela 32 

rubecula 32 

stapazina 32, 33 

Motacillidse *....        49 

Muscicapa  sp 32, 48 

Myothera  campanisona 35 

chrysopyga 31 

Nematoideum  lari  ridibundi 43 

Ninox  scutulata 39, 48 

Nothocrax  urumutum 24, 46 

Odontophorus  stellatus 36, 47 

Otuscholiba 23»48 

Oxyspirura 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 

anacanthura 4, 21, 47 

anolabiata 4, 21, 22, 46 

brevipenis 4, 22, 47 

brevisubulata 23, 48 

cephaloptera 4, 20, 23, 24, 26, 48, 50 

heteroclita 24,46 

Mansoni 2,3, 

4, 7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 47 

ophthalmica 4,26,27,29,46 

papillosa 4, 27, 46 

siamensis 4, 27, 28,  47 

stereura 29, 45 

sygmoidea 4, 29, 49 

Parabuteo  unicinctus 42, 46 

Passeriformes 48 

Pavo  cristatus 25, 47 

Peraix  leucostricta 36 

Petrccca  cyan'ea 40 

Petrophila  cyanus 40, 49 

Phasianidoe...  47 


72 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Phylloscopus  minor 37, 49 

Physaloptera 41, 42, 43 

»   acuticauda 5,42,45,46 

alata 42 

clausa 41 

sp 5, 43, 45 

Picidse 47 

Picus  aurulentits 30 

flavescenx 36 

jumana 36 

leucolsemus 36 

lineatus 36 

passerinus 36 

robustus 36 

rubricollis 36 

Psittacidse 47 

Psittacus  sinensis 30 

Quiscalus  major  34 

Ramphocelus  jacapa 32, 50 

Rupornis  magnirostris 34, 46 

Saxicola  oenanthe 32, 49 

ruf a 32, 49 

sp 32,49 

Sclerostomum  cyathostomum 43 

lari 43 

Spiroptera 38, 39, 40 

anacanthura 21 

anolabiata 21 

anthuris 29 

brevipenis 22 

brevissubulata 23 

brevisubulata 23 

caprimulgi 38, 48 

cephaloptera 23 

ciconix  maguari 39 

cracis 24, 39 

cram  alectoris 21 

crotophagx  ani 21 

crotophagas  majoris 21 

Emmerezi 25 

Emmerezii 7, 10, 25 

euryoptera 38 

exeisa 39 

falconis '27 

«  falconis  gavial  realis 27 

falconis  leptopodis 27 

Feai 38,39,48 

lieterodita 24, 39 

lanceolata 21 

leptoptera 46 

Mansoni 25 

microdactyli  mnrgravii 22 

momoti  bragilieneis 23 

orioli 23 

papilloea 27 

penihamata 23 

pliilomdy 31, 32 

up 39 

stereura 29 


Page. 

Spiroptera  strigis 23 

sygmoidea 29 

sygmoides 29 

tenuicauda ".....  4, 24, 38, 39, 45, 4ft 

Spizaetus  mauduy ti 42, 46 

Spiziaster  melanoleucus 42, 46 

Strigidse 48 

Slrix  atricapilla 23 

Strongylidse 43 

Strongylux  lari  ridilmndi 43 

sp 43 

Sturnus  pyrrhocephalus 32 

Sylvia  abietina 37 

philomela 32 

nibecula 32 

Sylviidse 49 

Syrigamus 43 

lari 5,43,44,47 

trachealis 4$ 

Teeiiia  australis 57 

bothrioplitcs 65 

bothrioplitis 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65 

botriophilitis 65 

tiotriopl'des 2, 3, 55, 56, 59, 60, 64, 65 

botrioplitis 59, 63, 64, 65 

botryoplitis 65 

( Davainea)  tetragona 63 

ecliinobothrida ..  55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 64 

echinobotrida 64 

infiindibiiliformis 64 

sp 63 

tetragona  .  55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 

tetragona  botrioplitis 65 

Tanagra  jacapa 32 

Tanagridse 50 

Tcnia  botrioplitis 65 

Tetrao  bonasia 34 

Tetraonidse 47 

Tetrastes  bonasia 34, 47 

Thrasaetus  harpyia 28, 46 

Thryothorus  polyglottus 32 

Tinamidse 45 

Tinamus  variegatus 38 

Tvenia  botrioplites 63, 64 

Treronidse 47 

Trichina  cystica 25 

Troglodytidae 49 

Turdidse 49 

Turd  us  olivascens 38, 49 

pilaris 31 , 32, 49 

viscivorus 31 , 32, 49 

Turnicidse 46 

Turnix  tuigoor 26, 46 

Tyrannidfe 32, 48 

Urubitinga  urubitinga 42, 46 

Veniliornis  passerinus 36, 48 

Xiphorhynchus  procurvus 35, 48 

Zoncenas  brenenleyi 31, 47 


o 


r.  L.  Metsker,  mom  ±2.  N".  T.  Armijo  Building, 

.i|iicn|iie.  N.  Mex. 
Dr.  ,1.  S  John  Morrcll  .V:  Co.,  Ottumwa, 

fpwa. 

Dr.  ('.  L.  Morin,  St.  Albatis,  Vt. 

Dr.  A.  1!.  Morse,  care  The  Ayar  Packing  Co..  DCS 

Moines,  In\v:>. 
Dr.  W.  J.  Murphy, care  Springfield  Provision  Co., 

Bright  wood.  Mass. 
Dr.  \V.  X.  Neil,  care  .lolm  Cndahy  Co.,  Wichita, 

Kan 
Dr.  II.  D.  I';.  -wiit  .V  Co.,  Fort  Worth, 

Tex. 
Dr.  F.  M.  I'.MTV,  Foil  Fairtidd.  Me. 

\V.    Pope,    Animal    (Quarantine    Station, 

Atheiiin.  N.  .1. 
Dr.  II.  T.  Potter,  Calais.  Me. 
Dr.J.d.   F.  I'riee,  Care    Brittain  ,V  Co.,  Marshall- 

town,  Iowa. 

Dr.  K.  A.  Ramsay,  Fargo,  X.  Dak. 
Dr.  A.  <i.  <;.  Richardson.  707    Fmpire   Building, 

Knoxville.  Tenn. 
Dr.  A.  !•:.  K'ishel,  eaf'  Cndahy  1'acking  Coini>any, 

Los  Angeles,  C'al. 


Dr.  W.  II.  Rose,  IS  Broadway,  Xew  York, 

Dr.  F.  L.  Russell,  drono.  Me. 

Dr.  .1.  K.  Ryder,  HI  Milk  st..  Boston,  Mas-. 

Dr.  1C.  1'.  SehalVtiT.  care  Cleveland  Provision  Co., 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Sehauiler,  i:U  South  Second  st.,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Dr.  Thos.  \V.  Scott,  care  The  Rath  Packing  Co., 
Waterloo,  Towa. 

Dr.  T.  A.  Shipley,  care  T.  M.  Sinclair  A:  Co.,  Ltd., 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 

Dr.  X.  C.  Sore/nson,  care  Kiniran  ,v.  Co.,  Indian- 
apolis, ind. 

Mr.  \\'ni.  II.  Wade,  Animal  Quarantine  Station, 
Halethorp,  Mil. 

Dr.  II.  X.  Waller.  Ul'.t  West   12d  Bt,  N<-w  Vork,  X.  Y. 

Dr.  (J.  W.  Ward.  Newport,  Vt. 

Dr.  B.  P.  Wende,  Livestock  Exchange  Building, 
Fast  BulValo.  X.  Y. 

Dr.  \V.  II.  \Vray,:;t  Streathain  Hill.  London,  S.W., 
England, 

Dr.  C.  II.  /ink,  care  Western  Packing  Co.,  Denver, 
Colo. 


DAIRY    INSPECTUKS. 


W.  D.  Collyer.  L21D  South  \Vaterst.,  Chicago,  111. 

ilcwes,  '^110  North  Charles  St.,  Baltimore, 
Md. 
M.  W.  Lain;.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Wash- 

illKtoi 

McDonald,  58  and  59  Downs  Block,  Seattle, 
b,  168  Chambers  st,, New  York,  X.  Y. 


B.  F.  Van  ValkenhurKli,  liis  Chamhers  st.,   New 

York,  X.  Y. 
E.    H.    Webster   (in   the    field,    or),    Manhattan, 

Kans. 

Levi  Wells  (Bradford  County  i.  Spring  Hill,  Pa. 
(J.  M.  Whitaker,  P.  ().  box  1:;:!'J.  Boston.  Mass. 
W.  D.  Mi-Arthur,  114  California  St.,  Sail  Frai, 

Car. 


